VYMANIKA
SHASTRA
REDISCOVERED
June 1, 2001
A project study conducted by wg. Cdr. M.P.Rao, etc. of Aeronautical
Society of India on behalf of Aerospace Information Panel of Aeronautics
Research and Development Board, B-Wing,
Sena Bhavan, New Delhi 110011, India.
Copyright: AR&DB, New Delhi,
India.
Comments to Dr.T.N.Prakash, Co-ordinator, AIP of AR&DB, E-mail: adalib@vsnl.com
CHAPTER 2: AUTHOURSHIP & DATING
CHAPTER 4: STUDY TEAMS COMMENTS & DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 5: DEFINITION OF VIMANA
CHAPTER 7: SECRETS (SPECIAL FEATURES) OF VIMANA
CHAPTER 8: SPECIAL STUDY ON ROLE-SPECIFIC FEATURES
CHAPTER11: CLOTHING FOR PILOTS
CHAPTER13: VIEWS OF A COMBAT PILOT
CHAPTER14: METALS LOHADHIKARANAM
CHAPTER15: MIRRORS DHARPANADHIKARANAM
CHAPTER16: THE POWER SHAKTYADHIKARANAM
CHAPTER18: ADDITIONAL METALS, ALLOYS & MATERIALS
CHAPTER19: CLASSIFICATION OF VIMANA JATYADHIKARANAM
CHAPTER21: VIEWS OF FOREIGN RESERACHERS
APPENDICES APPENDIX A F : REFER TO CHAPTER 3
APPENDIX G: REFER TO CHAPER 17
Among many significant
contributions of ancient Indian scientists, Vymanika Shastra is notably a
towering work dealing with vimanas and allied topics. Aviation as a subject, wrests its own charm over other disciplines
even today. This makes the presence of this work even more glamorous. For a casual reader this work may appear to
be a fantasy, for a researcher on first reading, curiosity gets kindled. Successive readings see the cream slowly
surfacing commensurate with ones ability to comprehend concepts, tolerance to
appreciate the depth of basic researches preceding the technologies and systems
of aviation science
It is the firm view of many
researchers that mere knowledge of Sanskrit or science or both synthesized
plays little role in true understanding of such works. The authors were intelligent to use coded
terms, symbolic expressions, archaic language to safeguard knowledge falling to
unauthorized sources. For right understanding
true flair and that much of extra perception to decode and interpret with
reference to context plays the decisive role. This is where many with correct
approach succeeded while others failed.
This logic remains the same be it a scientific work such as this or
Indian philosophy. Both form two sides
of the same coin, the coin being Knowledge.
As study of philosophy demands faith, perseverance, genuine insight,
ancient Indian science is no different
No one ventures into
pronouncing a scientific work unless one has something meaningful to
convey. The author, whether he was
Maharshi Bharadwaja or Mr. X must have known this too.
The work Vymanika shastra
is not meant for the biased scientist of the day who prefers to believe what he
want to believe.
It all started on a pleasant
winter evening of 1998. During a
discourse on renowned mythological epic Mahabharata, the eminent scholar
sidestepped to make reference to the existence of vimanas in epic era. He further elaborated to aver the existence
of ancient Indian treatise Vymanika shastra dealing with Aviation science and
Technology. He indicated that this work
had been ascribed to Maharshi Bharadwaja and conveyed to the world, in Sanskrit
narration, through Late Pandit Anekal Subbaraya Shastry in the first decade of
twentieth century. Not many in the
audience had known this before. At the
end of the discourse most of them had appreciated what they had heard, but
forgot it as well. There were exceptions
too. Musing over the interesting
revelations, probing started in right earnest.
The scholar delivering the lecture had nothing more to contribute. Nevertheless, he was firm on what he had
conveyed.
Perseverance led to location
of the work in a primitive library and a solitary bookstall in Bangalore. Cleaning the dust-clad copy of the work was
not a pleasant experience. A few copies
had reached the curious brains long ago, many of them being foreigners. The rest had found their way to the condemned
cellar.
Debut reading of the work
conveyed mixed feeling of amazement and skepticism. Patient successive readings generated conviction and added
interest. The eerie feeling Is it a wild
goose chase? however, lingered on for a while. On gathering more information
about the work, it was discovered that we were not alone in our pursuit. We had company. Reportedly many had studied
the work. Some liked it and others
dumped it. Many others not willing to be bystanders, went skin - deep and wrote
derogatory reviews. It was not their
cup of tea. They had no clue of
understanding such works. They trailed
from where others moved ahead. Their
success was merely in creating roadblocks to genuine researchers.
Scientists with true resolve
carried on with incessant efforts. This
group included freelance researchers, science laboratories, and scholars. Dedicated topics were taken up for study as
specific projects. While freelancers, with their limited resources, came out
with impressive results, science laboratories succeeded in fabricating hardware
from the treatise as per prescribed formulae.
Scholars and scientists from abroad did not lag behind. Vymanika Shastra is quoted by many of them
for its relevance in many scientific literatures, particularly in USA. Germans
were reported to have bought fifteen copies of the work within few days of its
release in 1973.
Just quoting the summarized
findings from a report of Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad, relating to
researches on three types of alloys developed by them as described in the
textual content of this work, they find:
As these materials were
found to be novel in their compositions and preparations patents have been
asked for them. The experimental
results in BISR laboratory established the originality and textual description
of the materials in Vimana Shastra.
Therefore there is a strong possibility that the large number of
descriptions of other new materials described may also yield good experimental results
in the laboratory.
The study team found company
and enough company too, inland and foreign.
What is sighted at the turn of the century appears to be still the tip
of the iceberg. There is more and much
more the work Vymanika Shastra has to convey, hidden in the potent future
Acknowledgements:
Special Acknowledgements
The Project Study Team
gratefully acknowledges the keen interest evinced by The Aeronautical Society
of India, Bangalore and AR & DB, Ministry of Defence (R&D) for
sanctioning the study project. We are
thankful to Dr. K. Ramchand, Director, The Centre for Airborne Studies,
Bangalore and Air Marshal P. Rajkumar, PVSM, AVSM, VM, President AeSI
Bangalore, for their valuable support.
1. Dr. T.N.
Prakash, panel coordinator AR & DB.
2. Wg.Cdr.
A.E. Patrawalla, Honorary Secretary, AeSI, Bangalore.
3.
Sri.
Bannanje Govindacharya, Eminent Scholar on Indian Philosophy, Bangalore.
4.
Dr. V.
Prabhanjanacharya, Professor of Sanskrit and Illustrious scholar on Indian
Philosophy.
5. Dr.
P. Ramachandra Rao, Director, NML, Jamshedpur.
6. Air Cmde. P.S. Subramanian. V.M, Bangalore.
7. Dr. B.G.Siddarth, Director Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad.
8. Dr. Maheshwar Sharon, Dept. of Chemistry, IIT, Bombay.
9. Dr. V.K.
Didolkar, Sri. Deepak Deshpande, Sri. M.K. Kawadkar. (Bharatiya Boudhika Sampada) Nagpur.
10.
Dr. R.
Ganesh, Eminent Scholar on Indian Philosophy, Bangalore.
11. Dr. K.H. Krishna Murthy, Former Professor of
Ayurvedic Medicine, Pondichery Medical College, Bangalore.
12. GP. CAPT. M. Matheswaran VM. Indian Air Force.
13. Wg. Cdr. S.S. Yegnaswami, Bangalore
14. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Bangalore.
15. Sri. N.G. Sheth, Bombay.
16.
Oriental
Research Libraries, Pune and Baroda.
17.
Sri.
Shraddhalu Ranade, Aurabindo Ashram, Pondichery.
18.
Veda-vignana
Parishat, Bangalore.
19.
Sri. S.
Krishna Murthy, Director, Public Relation, ISRO, Bangalore.
20. Sri. M. Madhu Rao, Bangalore.
21.
Dr.
Upendra Shenoi, Bangalore.
22. Indian Institute of World Culture, Bangalore.
23. Sri. K. Rajagopal, Bangalore.
24. Sri. Ahobala Shastry, Bangalore
25. Sri. P.V. Ramaprasad, Pune.
26.
Mr. M.
R. Narendra, Bangalore.
27.
Mrs
Muktha Badrishprasad, Bangalore.
28.
Mrs
Sudha P Rao, Bangalore.
29.
Mr
Satyanand. M. P., Bangalore.
30.
Mr
B.V. Rajesh, Bangalore.
NOTE: Copies or extracts of this
report shall not be taken without the written consent of the principal
investigator
VYMANIKA SHASTRA - A
BACKGROUND
The work Vymanika Shastra
has appeared in twentieth century in Sanskrit transcript form and subsequently
translated versions in Hindi and English have been derived. There are different versions with different
titles leading to possible confusion among the readers and research
scholars. We have therefore devoted
some effort to place the facts in the right perspective.
In this process, it is appropriate
to commence this topic with the narration front-lined on G.R. Josyers
publication, which reads as follows.
Maharshi Bharadwajas
Vymanika Shastra or Science of Aeronautics as revealed to venerable
Subbaraya Shastry and recorded in hand written Sanskrit script form, translated
to English by G.R. Josyer.M.A [hons] FRES, MRSE.
Four variants with different
titles are as follows:
A] Vymanika prakaranam
B] Vymanika shastra
C] Vimana shastra
D] Bruhad Vimana Shastra
We clarify here that the
base work for all the four versions are common-sourced from the Sanskrit
transcript of Pandit Subbaraya Shastrys revelations and recorded by his close
associate and Sanskrit scholar Sri. G. Venkatachala sharma. They were recorded in 23 exercise books
during the period 1903 to1918.
Manuscript copies of this were sent as Vymanika Prakaranam to two
Oriental Institutes in India. One was
sent to Oriental Library at Baroda on 3rd June 1919 and the second
sent to Oriental Research Institute, Poona on 19th August 1919. Hence the work has been referred to by many
as Vymanika Prakaranam even though only Sanskrit parts of the published
versions carry this tittle. These
exercise books suffered long hybernation.
A work called Vymanika shastra in Sanskrit alone seems to have come
out from Dayanand Bhavan, Delhi in 1943.
This is the second variant.
The third variant is based
on the copy of Vymanika prakaranam sent to Baroda Oriental Library. A Hindi translated version of this book
titled Brihad Vimana Shastra was edited by Swami Brahma Muni Parivrajak
Gurukul Kangdi, Hardwar and published by Sarvadeshika Arya Pratinidhi Sabha,
Dayanand Bhavan, New Delhi in the year 1959.
In the publication of this Hindi version, the initiative taken by Air
commodore S. N. Goyal of the Indian Air force has been particularly
appreciated. Bruhad Vimana Shastra
became the reference work for many researchers in North India.
The variant referred to as
Vymanika Shastra published in Sanskrit- English languages had its base on the
copies sent to Oriental Libraries in 1919 and something more. The work remained in manuscript form till
1923 and even later. But between 1919
and 1923 there is evidence of add on textual content to the work in the form
of description and diagrams of four types of representative vimanas--Sundara,
Shakuna, Rukma and Tripura vimana. The work of making drawings was entrusted to
a draughtsman T.K. Ellappa working in an engineering school. The drawings were prepared by him and appended
as approved by Sri Subbaraya Shastry on 2nd December 1923. This is the last occasion that any material
went into the Sanskrit transcript. The
transcripts remained in exercise-book-form for the next three decades under the
joint custody of Sri Shastrijis adopted son and Sri Venkatachala Sharma. It was in 1952 that the books found the
light of the day when they were brought into an exhibition of antique works
conducted by International Academy of Sanskrit Research, Mysore. Mr. G. R. Josyer, being the Honorary
Director of the Academy showed tremendous initiative. Translation work took a
long time and eventually Vymanika Shastra was published on 15th
March 1973. This book became the reference work for many in South India &
abroad.
A short brochure of about 30
pages was reportedly published by Acharya Charanathirtha Maharaj from Sri
Bhuvaneshwari Ayurveda Vidya Peetha, Gondah in Sourastra in September 1952.
Swany Dayananda Sarswathi, a
towering scholar of the last century, while referring to flying machines in his
commentary on Rig-Veda Bhashya Bhumika, narrates certain aspects of propulsive
thrust of vimanas in directional control.
This was in 1875.
Another book called Vimana
vamanam authored by Nathumal Brahmachari, finds its place in Udaipur palace
library.
For practical purposes, only
Vymanika Shastra and Bruhad Vimana shastra can be taken as reference, the
other titles are only of academic nature.
Sri Josyers publication is taken for reference by the study team.
Going into essential differences
between the two variants, apart from English-Hindi translations, Maharshi
Bharadwajas original version extracted from Yantra Sarwaswa contained 500
Sutras {rules}, 8 Chapters and 10 Adikaranas. Vymanika Shastra [English
version] contains six chapters, 2972 verses.
Bruhad vimana shastra contains 40 rules in 3 chapters and 2657
verses.
In substance, Bruhad Vimana Shastra has 315 verses less. This is possibly because of addition of descriptions of 4 vimanas that Vymanika Shastra contains today. This difference will not matter as much as the difference we see from the original work to the transcripted work. The reasons for this could be ascribed to various factors
The period of transcripting
spanned for over 15 years and the manuscript copies waited in the freezer for 3
to 4 decades. As G. R. Josyer observes
The transcripts came in various forms of decay. Loss of such literature
through pests, quality of paper, loss during transit, change of hands could
well be imagined. Further, such works
that claimed to be of ancient Indian origin did not find recognition during the
British colonial rule facing freedom struggle.
It is said that even possession of such literature was considered
Anti-British. The scholars who
possessed such works had to keep them concealed. Loss of sheets, obliteration of manuscripts, environmental
influences could have taken a heavy toll.
AUTHORSHIP AND DATING
VYMANIKA SHASTRA
The work
Vymanika Shastra has been ascribed to the great sage of ancient India,
Maharshi Bharadwaja. From the data
available, references related to the work have transited through earlier times
of known history. It is also claimed
that the work is among forty topics of Yantra Sarwaswa that dealt with All
about machines. It is not a matter of
dispute that basic work for translated variants of Vymanika Shastra (English & Hindi) published in the
country was originated from Sanskrit manuscript dictated by Pundit Anekal
Subbaraya Shastry to a Sanskrit scholar, Sri G Venkatachala Sharma.
There have been
doubts and controversies raised in some earlier reviews regarding the
authorship and dating. Treatises of this nature where documented records of the
past are not available due to various reasons naturally attract such issues.
This aspect needs careful and logical scrutiny. This is especially so in the
face of some critics having made generalised statements that Indians have a
habit of eulogising the authors and works of such genesis.
Many scientists
today look at Mythology with scepticism and accept only recorded history as
gospel truth even if recorded history itself has suffered distortions. They are
antagonistic to the belief that Mythology preceded history in civilisations the
world over. This is primarily because
the links between history and mythology are loose and not conclusively
established. Periods of vacuum between
mythology and history have compounded the problems in the efforts to bridge the
gap. Repeated invasions before and during the Mogul rule, colonial rule under
the British put together spanning nearly ten centuries (with occasional
breathers of domestic supremacy) contributed a great deal towards suppression
and hybernation of ancient Indian works, Scientific, Spiritual and literary.
It is in the
backdrop of such observations that this study exercise has probed into the
subject of authorship and dating. It is
for this reason alone that Background of the work conforming to recorded data
from the genesis of Sanskrit manuscripts conveyed by Pundit Sri Subbaraya
Shastry has been separately dealt with in earlier discussion.
Discussions: Several natural questions
do come up in this context.
Collection of answers to questions
of this nature brought out interesting answers both from Mythology and History.
Regarding Maharshi
Bharadwaja:
He is known to be a towering
scholar both in science, philosophy and warfare. His is an august name in the
pantheon of Hindu sages who recorded knowledge in the spiritual, intellectual
and scientific fields. During his period, knowledge was transmitted from mouth
to mouth and ear to ear.
Maharshi
Bharadwaja, according to some scholars, belonged to Thretha Yuga and to Dwapara
Yuga to some others, linking him with Dronacharyas ancestry. He is known to
belong to sixth mandala of Rigveda. He
has also authored Srauta shastra and smriti work. He figures in the genealogy
of Bruhaspati, the principal preceptor of all Hindu deities and his son being
seer Bharadwaja. Bharadwajas son Dronacharya, again was the preceptor of
Pandavas and Kauravas during Mahabharata era. It should be no surprise that a
seer with this background of generation possessed a vast variety of knowledge
to author a work such as Yantra Sarwaswa.
In this connection, discussions on the subject with a well-known scholar
of Bangalore Dr.V.Prabhanjanacharya spotlight the subject. This is enclosed as an appendix to this
chapter, which clarifies many doubts.
Maharshi
Bharadwaja transcended from one Yuga to another. He is among the seven prime seers of Mythological era. Whether there were other seers by his name
is not known. It is possible that seers succeeding him in his Gothra could have
been known by the same name. Nevertheless, he is the only Bharadwaja referred
to as one among Maharshis. He has also
authored Anshu Bodhini dealing with cosmology, few sections of which are
still available. Its reference is made to several topics in Vymanika Shastra.
It again features commentary from Bodhananda. The style of Sanskrit in
Vymanika shastra and Anshu Bodhini have been studied by Sanskrit scholars
for a possible commonality of authorship. Their opinion confirms common
authorship.
The introductory
part of the subject work clearly avers as follows. Maharshi Bharadwajas
Vymanika shastra or Science of Aeronautics is a part of his unknown work
Yantra sarwaswa or all about machines. Here we see no reason why anyone
should be attributing the work to him without any gain for himself. No one else
down the line has claimed the authorship nor has anyone disputed.
Deliberating on the dating
aspect of the work, the data gathered by the study team explains certain
crucial issues. The work itself is not
a part of Vedas as is misunderstood by many.
No where it is claimed so either. It is claimed to be the essence and
offshoot from the principles of Vedic knowledge. It is necessary to understand
that Vedas are Anaadi or from-time-immemorial, they had no relationship
with time cycle.
The basic structure of Vedas
has remained unaltered, interpretations however could be different.
Nevertheless, essence could have been communicated by preceptors at many points
of time, in any style of Sanskrit, which could be even in a contemporary structure
of the language. It could even be in a
different language conveyed to someone distant in any part of the world. Hence, going into the exercise of verifying
the number of Vedic Sanskrit words Vis-a-Vis medieval or modern Sanskrit
language is a tangential approach and serves no useful purpose. In fact,
Sri.G.R.Josyer who was himself an eminent Sanskrit scholar has paid tributes to
the high fidelity of Sanskrit language of the text.
Despite being one of the
most knowledgeable seers himself, Maharshi Bharadwaja has chosen to quote lucid
definitions, rules or soothras of other sages and preceptors. Bodhanandas
commentaries have referred to expressions from these sages and Acharyas and
works on related ancient sciences.
Brief descriptions of other scientific guides / works in this book have
been given in another work of Sri. Madhusudhana Saraswati, Prasthana
Thraya.
Discussing the dating of the
work, all that can be said with a fair degree of certainty is that the work,
being a part of Yantra Sarwaswa featured at several points of time in known
History. Science of aeronautics was in
existence even earlier than Bodhananda.
Bodhananda chose to write Vritti or commentary or explanatory notes on
the seers pronouncements for ease of understanding by the users. This was a
traditional treatment given to very many works of philosophy as well. Bodhananda was known to be in 10th
century AD according to some research sources.
Confirmation on
references to the textual content of the work during the 19th century
is discovered by an observation in which Maharshi Dayananda saraswati had given
clarification on the direction of thrust of propulsive devices of Vimanas
quoting Rig-Bhashya Bhumika. This was dated to be in 1875. As we notice from that text of Vymanika
Shastra it is a work based on many disciplines of science and technology,
described by core researchers of several fields. Each sootra or rule contains references to several topics of
science or technology. Under the given
conditions, there is adequate logic to accept that Yantra Sarwaswa was an
offshoot of Vedic knowledge. The Vymanika shastra came into being in manuscript
form between 1903 to 1918 as revelations by Mystic scholar Anekal Subbaraya
Shastry.
While this much
of discussion is devoted for protagonists of Vedas, mythology, the seers and
the like, let us turn to the antagonistic scholars and scientists who prefer to
view the subject of authorship and dating under their self-imposed scientific
frame work. If it is appropriate and tenable to go by recorded history and
ignore the mythological relationship, let us go by the validation of textual
content and correlate with modern science wherever possible. Let not such critics be concerned with Bharadwajas
of the distant past.
Life-
sketch of Sri Anekal Subbaraya Shastri:
In the chain of relating the
work to Pundit Anekal Subbaraya Shastrys revelations, propriety demands
deliberations on his life sketch as well as linking his work up to the stage it
was printed and published in 1973. This data has been collected from his
biographical sketch, his descendants, younger associates of his time and other
detailed inquiries during the probe of the study.
An autobiography
of Sri Anekal Subraya Shastry was published by Sri M.C. Krishna Swamy Iyengar
and Sri Venkatachala Sharma on 12th March 1972. This was an English version; translated by
Sri G.V. Sharma based on the narration of Sri Shastriji in his vernacular. From this autobiographic sketch it is evident
that Sri Shastriji had committed to Dr Jagdeesh Chandra Bose, an eminent
scientist of the yester years, that he would send his biographic script. This has been addressed separately to both
Dr. J.C. Bose and Sri Babubhai Iswardas Ichcharam whom Sri Shastriji had met at
Bombay and had close interaction. Sri
Ichcharam, besides being his ardent disciple had supported him financially
too. This biographic sketch, though in
minute detail, has an abrupt ending. It
covers his life story up to the year 1918.
Curiously, this sketch does not include a significant part of a special
message conveyed by his godfather Sri Guruji Maharaj. This special message, however, features in another Biographic
sketch (a much-abridged version) also brought out by Sri Krishna Swamy Iyengar.
According to his autobiography
Sri Shastriji was born in 1866 AD in a village called Togare Agraharam in Hosur
Taluk, Dharmapuri Dist of Tamil Nadu.
He was born as the eldest son in a large orthodox Brahmin family. His father was a learned and benevolent
individual who supported many students at home. As his own family grew in size, he found it increasingly
difficult to maintain. Eventually he
became penniless even when children were still urchins. Sri Shastriji lost his parents early in life
and had to bear the brunt of supporting all his younger ones. From then onwards, it is a story of misery
and poverty. Soon he had to take up
begging. Compounding his travails was
his marriage with an eight-year-old girl, his own age being twelve. Fortunately his infant wife had not yet
joined him to undergo suffering. It did
not take very long for the lot of children to choose the pavements for their
living. As though this was not enough,
cholera and small pox broke out in the district, killing people in
hundreds. Sri Shastrijis family was
not spared. All but two brothers fell
prey to the deadly epidemic. Eventually
it was his turn to invite infection.
His body became a home of infectious blisters, puss oozing out. His sight was abhorring. People drove him out. He survived on tender leaves and vegetation
around. In short he felt that the world
just discarded him. Left with no
option, he sent his brothers away to fend for themselves.
Then came the ultimate
decision to call it a day from this world.
He kept walking for days and reached a forest near a place called Avani
in Kolar Dist. He lived in the wild,
visited often by snakes and tigers. He
wondered how he survived in this deadly company, living on vegetation and water
for many years.
There is an end for
everything and possibly, for his travails too.
One day, while he was roaming in the forest, he entered a cave and after
some distance he found a vast under-ground enclosure. There, he came across a woman whom he recalls as his dead
mother. He was consoled and taken care
of for some time and she vanished as mysteriously as she had appeared.
According to Sri Shastrijis life sketch it was in this underground cave that he sighted Sri.Guruji Maharaj who bore super human features. Sri Guruji played a significant role in the rest of his life. He took care of him and cured his obnoxious disease with one healing touch. The young lad recovered his normal health.
During this unspecified
period of association with Sri Guruji, he learnt a number of rituals, physical
sciences or Bhoutika Shastras. Sri
Guruji, while precepting Bhautika Shastras had put a stringent condition that
his disciple should assure him of protecting these shastras from use on for
destructive purposes. He had even
imposed total restraint on his participation in debates, social gatherings,
associations with political parties etc., Thereafter, Sri. Guruji administered
a brilliant light on him, which touched his Saraswati-Nadi. He started making utterances in Sanskrit,
involuntarily.
Then Sri Guruji wrote
something on his tongue with a twig.
This consummated the process of Divine Enlightenment. This was followed
by teaching of Bhoutika shastras. On
completion of these rituals, Sri Shastriji felt that Bhautika Shastras were
visible and accessible to him. At this
juncture, he honestly expresses that till that point of enlightenment in life,
he was an illiterate, not having gone to any school nor learnt any
language. He was amazed to discover in
himself not only the knowledge of Sanskrit but also to convey Bhoutika
Shastras through that medium. In his
own admission he reveals that he learnt the alphabets of Kannada and Telugu
after his return to his village during the post-enlightenment period. There ended the divine association of Sri.
Shastriji and Sri Guruji Maharaj in the wild forest. He was sent back after serene blessings to return to his village
and continue his mission in pursuit of propagation of knowledge of Bhautika
shastras. Though unwilling to part from
the company of Sri. Guruji, he returned to his village with a heavy heart, but
with a mission ahead. Strangely, a
native Brahmin of a village Malavalli had a premonition that a young lad of a
particular description would appear in the village and he should take care of
him for two months and let him proceed on his mission.
On completion of his sojourn
with the noble Brahmin at Malavalli, Sri. Shastriji left that village again to
face the wide world, under more positive circumstances this time. Feeling physically fit, psychologically
sound, he decided to go to Hosur.
There, he met his surviving brother.
A little latter he joined his wife at Anekal and started a family life. Sri Shastriji spent subsequent twenty-five
years at Anekal. During this period he
had three sons and three daughters. All
his sons and one daughter died very young.
He moved to Bangalore and stayed in a locality called Cottenpet in the
midst of the old city. For some time he
remained an unknown individual, but not for long.
The news of his potent
knowledge of Bhoutika Shastras had reached many intellectuals. Visitors streamed in to discuss with
him. His recitations and pronouncements
from Bhautika Shastras impressed many.
The breakthrough in his life came with a visitor from Bombay, Sri. Poonjilal Giridhar, a noted industrialist of Bombay and Ahemdabad. He had come at the instance of one Sri. Babubhai Iswardas Ichcharam, who invited Sri. Shastriji to go over to Bombay. On acceptance of their invitation, elaborate arrangements for a sizeable retinue of Sri Shastriji was made. He received a rousing welcome and was their guest for several months.
A significant meeting at
Bombay was with Dr. Talpade who had conducted experiments on constructing
aeroplanes. Dr. Talpade consulted him
in this matter. It was here that Sri.
Shastriji first referred to Sri. Maharshi Bhardwajas Vymanika Shastra, which
he explained it to Dr. Talpade. The
latter continued his experiments but suffered a serious set back in the
progress due to ill health. The project
came to a halt on his demise. By then
he had conveyed that vimanas were not toys of someones fancy nor were objects
of mythology. Possibly this is the
first attempt of construction of aeroplane around 1900AD by an Indian.
Unconfirmed reports have talked of Dr. Talpades sucessful flying of aeroplane
over Chowpati beach, Mumbai in the last decade of the nineteenth century
The visitors at Sri
Shastrijis flat at Bombay multiplied day by day. They included Philosophers, Scientists, Rulers of erstwhile
princely states of India and the elite of Bombay and outside. He thanks Sri
Guruji Maharaj for his guidance in answering questions of his visitors and
discussions with them. His audience was
spell bound by his mystic knowledge.
Some called him a walking lexicon, a genius and a super human.
A number of Sri.Shastrijis
followers met at Bombay to decide that the treasure of spoken knowledge of
Bhoutika Shastras should be scripted by him and published. Sri Babubhai agreed with this proposal and
offered to fund the activity. Sri
Shastriji agreed to undertake this request but not before he got the consent
from his Guru. It is thus seen in his
life that before taking any major decisions Sri. Guruji had guided him all
along. He agreed to do so on his return
to Bangalore.
Sri Shastriji returned to
Bangalore after an emotional farewell from a host of his admirers. In the next three years not much of progress
could be made in writing of Bhoutika Shastras for various reasons. All through this period Sri Bhabubhai had
been regularly funding him.
This is where the
autobiography being conveyed to Dr. J. C. Bose ends abruptly. In the concluding paragraphs Sri Shastriji
recalls his meetings with Dr. Bose at Bombay.
From his life sketch it becomes evident that he was a honest and
unassuming person. All along he
maintained that he was a mere conveyer of the Shastras pronounced through him
by divine source.
As an appendage to his
biographic sketch, Sri G.V. Sharma had made some interesting remarks. As per this the former had been specially
chosen for his Sanskrit knowledge to transcript dictations of the latters
revelations and he associated with him all through his life. Even later he was a joint custodian of his
works. Sri Sharma refers to a brief
life sketch brought out in January 1911 as a part of Bouthika Kala Nidhi
published by Sri B. Suryanarayana Rao, a noted astrologer and a staunch admirer
of the pandit. Sri Sharma has also
given a list of published works of the pandit which include Anshu Bodhinee,
Prasthana Thraya, Bruhad Madhusudana Smriti Raja Bhakti, Desha Bhakti,
Panchagavya Shastra, Jala Tatwa Prakashika, Maha Sankalpa Vichara etc.,
espounded by Sri Guruji through the pandit.
Drawing curtains on Sri
Shastrijis life- sketch a few observations seem to be appropriate. Even though he had set forth on a mission to
convey Bouthika Shastra for the benefit of mankind, he had an innate feeling of
a lost mission. The contemporary political situation in the country must have
had adverse impact on propagation of such native scientific knowledge.
The latter part
of Sri Shastrijis life found him to be a dejected and disappointed person with
an unfulfilled mission. Freedom struggle in the country barricaded his routes
to the elite. This legendary person left behind him a treasure of works with
his adopted son Sri Venkatrama Shastri. The surviving members of the family
living in an innocuous house in Bangalore hardly know what their illustrious
ancestor had left for the intellectual world. It is ironical that his life
story makes a pensive reading. He did
not live long to see his contribution freezing in cold storage for many
decades. It would have been even more
agonizing had he stayed long enough to see his work hibernating.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Probes of the study team,
infact had started from early 1999. Extensive correspondence, leg work in
contacting and meeting persons connected, even remotely, with the work and its
conveyor Shree Anekal Subbarayashastri, his associates, descendants, research
workers within and outside the country was an intense exercise and interesting
too.
The starting point was, of
course, the acquisition of G.R.Joysers published work Vymanika shastra, from
a less known book stall in Bangalore. A few leading libraries had just one copy
in their reference sections. During this process several sources confirmed that
many a copy have been taken by foreign researchers. Over eight universities
libraries in USA and UK accessed through the Internet confirmed availability of
copies in their libraries. It was interesting that some individual research
workers had been working seriously on the work. From the collation of
information, it is noted that a majority of researches conducted abroad
belonged to post 1985 period. Here again, some of the published books abroad
indicate that researches there have been continuos and steady till current
times. One has to acknowledge the seriousness with which works of this nature
pertaining to ancient India has been taken. Needless to say that inland
scholars have a lot more to emulate. A more incisive observation is that focus
on research of this works both in India and abroad has come about pointedly
after 1988.
A study is conducted by our
team on the chronology of Indian researches from various reports and claims.
The turnkey for researchers was the publication of Vymaanika Shastra by
G.R.Joyser (English) and Brihad Vimaana Shastra edited by Swami Brahmamuni
Parivrajaka Gurukul Kandgi of Haridvar and published by Dayanand Bhavan, New
Delhi in Sanskrit-Hindi. The first known
research appears to from Sri Naren Sheth of
Mumbai, a freelance enthusiast. His research as claimed by him spans nearly
thirty years. Due credit goes to him for his zeal and dedication even with
meagre sources of laboratory facilities. His reports mention the assistance
sought from IIT Bombay, BARC, TIFR etc. in preparing laboratory samples of
Chumbakamani, Panchadharaloha. Sri
Naren Sheth is seventy years of age now. He is keen to demonstrate the
preparation of the materials he developed for the benefit of genuine
researchers on invitation basis.
Extract of his report is appended (Appendix A)
The second known attempt was
a A Critical study of the work by a team of scientists from Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore, from 1973-1974, soon after the publication of Joseyers
translation. Notably this review undertaken in the backdrop of principles of
modern science did not find favour with the critics. Contemporary aerodynamics
and propulsion principles were heavily superimposed during this review. Had the
study gone deeper into Yantras (machines) and advanced material technology
dealt in the text they would have had second thoughts. The text, seen under the
principles of mercury vapour propulsion, Levity, anti-gravity material,
interesting ideas being brought out by western researchers would have found
more relevance. It is to be widely
appreciated that aviation today is not only a science of structure and aerodynamic
phenomena but equally or more prominently contributed by associated sciences in
systems such as optics, guidance, navigation, tactical and strategic concepts
being developed not under one roof but being integrated out of deliveries from
discreet sources of technologies. As seen by this review team, our study team
also identified two essential aspects corrupting the understanding of the
readers. They are usage of
unstandardised units of measurement such as those relating to speed, length,
resistance, force, heat and so on adding enough confusion. Secondly the drawings of the vimanas and its
components drawn by local draughtsman under instructions from Sri. Shastriji
seem to have been influenced by his own imagination. Nevertheless, we request
I.I.Sc., team to have a relook at the work in the context of adequate
validation of other parts of the text in the last two decades. Their report published in 1974 is
appended. (Appendix B)
Then on, there seems to be
fairly a long gap till late eighties when Dr.Roberto Pinotti a scientist from
Italy reminded Indian scientists to take ancient Indian scientific works
seriously (with reference to Vymaanika Shastra). What a paradox! Assuming that he must have
made this statement from a serious study of the work, he had extensively
noticed features other Indian scientists had missed to note. Dr.Pinottis
address was not to a casual gathering of orthodox Indians. He was addressing a
seminar of International Astronautical Congress in October 1988. The seminar had been organised by Indian space
research organisation at Bangalore.
Extracts of his report is appended. (Appencix C)
It was the department of
chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay that contributed towards laboratory development of materials like
Chumbakamani, Panchadhara-loha and Paragrandhika-drava. Dr. Maheshwar Sharons report throws light
on the equivalence of these materials to those developed by modern science
during the later part of 20th century. Relevant extracts of his report are appended as Appndix F. However Dr. Sharon has expressed that many
of the tests could not be concluded because of limitations of translational
skills and decoding.
Next it was Dr. Balachandra
Raos turn to remark on the work in his book titled Tradition, Science and
Society published in 1988. Dr.Balachandra Rao, a professor of Mathematics at a
science college in Bangalore attacks the work, almost lethally. We request him to review the work in
consultation with experts in the field of aviation and related sciences.
Some time in 1988, Dr. David
Childres, an eminent scholar from USA, published the first edition of his Book
Vimana Aircraft Of Ancient India And Atlantis. This book has been updated
with research information and published every year till 1999. In this book, he has also chosen to
reproduce completely Vymaanika Shastra (Joysers English version) for the
sake of readers. Detailed discussions on propulsion conceptual techniques such
as mercury vapour propulsion, thrust vector engines, solar energy employment
etc., have been introduced for prospective contemporary thinkers. The book is
thought-provoking and makes interesting reading. He has sighted principles and
concepts that had evaded conventional Indian scientists.
The next milestone the work
Vymanika Shastra saw was a kind of miniature revolution set by a group of
scientists from Hyderabad starting with a country wide search of ancient Indian
scientific literature. During their visit to Bangalore, they obtained copies of
some of Sri. Shastrys works including Vymanika Shastra from the authors
descendants. This was in 1991-92, as learnt from the grand children of the
pandit. The team from Birla Science Centre, Hydrabad composed of Dr. B.G.
Siddarth and Sri. C.S.R. Prabhu. It
appears that out of the ancient works they had gathered in their
collection-drive Vymanika Shastra prominently struck them and from that they
found topics relating to materials suited for their research. Materials developed in accordance with
formulae given in the text validated textual contents. The brief report is appended Appendix D
The unique treatise with a
highly technical scientific outlook on development of materials and yantras as
per ancient scientific formulae is from a task force sponsored by Indian
National Science Academy, INSA. The topic, though not directly a part of
Vymanika Shastra, is related to work Anshu Bodhini of the common author,
Maharshi Baharadwaja. Hence the special mention of this research work made
here. This piece of research is
undoubtedly a benchmark in the conduct of researching ancient Indian works. The
task force consisted of Dr. Dongre, P.G.College of Varanasi, Dr.P.Ramachandra
Rao, Director of National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur and others. We
are appendaging their report in full as a part of our study report. We are
thankful to them for the valuable co-operation extended to us. Their report
relates to development of a novel spectrometer / monochromeater called Dwanta
Pramapaka Yantra and an Infra-Red transparent material (non-hygroscopic)
called Prakasha Stambhana bida. Their
latest report on this research is as recent as Dec 1999. A relevent extract is appended as appendix
E. This is undoubtedly the best report
in our literature survey and raised our curiosity into the way technical
interpretations are required to be made on works evolved by Scientists
carried through earlier civilisations.
This aspect needs a positive bent of mind than just ridiculing ancient
works with sheer desdain.
The next to appear is Sri.
M.K. Kawadkar of Nagpur whose interpretational skills and sixth sense are seen
to manifest at their best. He has taken up study of some chapters of Vymanika
Shastra and brought out fascinating exposures on yantras, atmosphere, in
particular Parivesha Kriya Yantra discussed in the work interpreted as
Auto-pilot/ Auto guidance system. His
articles published through Bharatiya
Boudhiks Samapda a quarterly magazine published from Nagpur are
thought-provoking and fall in line with the kind of research-insight vitally
needed in studying ancient works of Sanskrit.
More about Sri. Kawadkar's analyses later through his comments.
Distinct commonality with
three major contributors viz., B.M. Birla Science Centre, Dr. Dongres research
report, Sri. M.K. Kawadkars Analyses lies in their way of approach in
research. They all emphasise that knowledge of Sanskrit and/ or science does
not help in understanding of ancient scientific work. In addition to the above
aspects what is even more important is the ability to interpret with reference
to context. That bit of sixth sense is a vital attribute.
This understanding alone has
contributed to their success and rendered purposeful results. Laboratory development of materials has gone
through the following process.
Understanding of poetic form of Sanskrit version.
Convert to prose form, decode the terms wherever required and arrive at
ingredients.
Use modern equivalents / substitutes, wherever required.
Determine proportions of mixing
Use process details to obtain the materials.
This methodology has worked
so well that it must have boosted their confidence as well. Thus a closed mind
set in studying such works will lead one nowhere. Birla Science Centre report
claims such a high level of confidence that they are categorical to state that
most of the materials in the text can be obtained through laboratory tests.
Extrapolating this logic, if textual contents of one part of this work could
gain a high degree of validity there should be no reason why other chapters in
the same text should be any different. Adverse reviews of some critics should
be questioned under the spotlight of this logic.
One of the most exhaustive
studies made on ancient Indian aviation is by Prof. D. K. Kanjilal. His illustrious work Vimana In Ancient
India refers to Indian epics, Vedas in great detail and describes usage of
vimanas in the prehistoric era. This
work, by itself is a milestone and makes very interesting reading.
Reports from Aurobindo
Ashram, Pondichery hint that research relating to Propulsion Systems &
Artificial Intelligence based on Vymanika Shastra are being carriedout.
In response to its request
the study team generated valuable data from inland and overseas sources
relating to studies / researches on this text.
The data has gone into our report in some form or the other. We have reasons to believe that many texts
and treatise referred to by preceptors in this work are still available in
obscure collections of individuals and libraries. Perseverance in locating them should yield useful results.
CHAPTER
4
STUDY
TEAMS COMMENTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON
VYMANIKA
SHASTRA
It is necessary to mention that the study team has mainly referred
to Vymanika Shastra published in Sanskrit-English by Sri G.R. Josyer. Hindi version Bruhad Vimana Shastra has
not been referred to on the basis of the fact that, textual content compared,
there is no difference. The only
exception is while referring to researches made by others based on Bruhad
Vimana Shastra. Fidelity of English
translation by Sri G.R, Josyer deserves special appreciation. It is taken as accurate and correct, barring
decoding and interpretation needs. This
is with full regard to him as a Sanskrit scholar of the yester years.
The scope of the study and
presentation is confined to the extent of textual material available. Incompleteness of the text, as observed by
many researchers, will be outside the purview of this study.
A significant aspect in the
presentation of this report is to dispense with the reproduction of
Sanskrit-English version of Vymanika Shastra. It is decided deliberately so in order to avoid a bulky
report. The textual content has been
restricted to bare minimum. However, we
are confident that the readers will be able to comprehend what the original
text portrayed.
With the aforesaid
Introductory Reference we begin the restructuring, analyses and discussions on
the core of the scientific work Vymanika Shastra.
The text in the form presented
by the author covers the subject under the following topics.
1. Definition. 2.
The pilot.
3. Aerial Routes 4.
Airplane parts.
5. Clothing (for aviators). 6. Food (for
aviators)
7. Metals and heat absorbing metals. 8. Melting.
9. Mirrors. 10. Power.
11. Yantras or Machinery. 12. Parts of Yantras.
13. Varieties of Vimanas:
Shakuna, Sundara, Rukma and
Tripura.
CHAPTER 5
DEFINITION OF VIMANA:
The word Vimana originates
from the Sanskrit words Vi-Mana, Vi meaning Bird and Mana meaning
like. The interpretation will be
like bird. Owing to similarity with birds,
it is named vimana. The word andaja
as related to birds means egg-born.
The word vimana, though of purely ancient Indian origin, is widely
adapted and used by not only writers on this science in India, but also
extensively quoted as such by the researchers the world over. Basis of arriving at this definition is not
strange. Researchers on flying machines
from other parts of the world have also looked at flying birds as their origin
of inspiration and conceptualisation.
Ancient Indian scientists were no different in their approach.
The interesting feature of
Maharshi Bharadwajas soothras or rules is that he recalls various definitions
of other Acharyas or preceptors. The
table given below elucidates this.
Maharshi Bharadwaja refers
to seven acharyas connected with works on aviation science.
Acharyas name |
Reference to work |
Definition |
Narayana |
Vimana chandrika |
That which can speed on
earth, on water and through air, by its own power, like a bird |
Shownaka |
Vyomaayaana Tantra |
As per experts in
aeronautical science, that which can fly in air from one place to another. |
Vishwambhara |
|
As per experts one which
flies from one country to another, one island to another and one world to
another |
Garga |
Yantra kalpa |
|
Vachaspathy |
Yaana bindu |
|
Chakrayani |
Kheta-yaana Prdeepika |
|
Dhundinatha |
Vyomoyana-arka Prakarana |
|
Notable observations:
Besides Maharshi Bhradwaja,
several other preceptors were also associated in the field of Aviation studies
and researches. Several works quoted
herein deal with this discipline as well.
This observation holds good for all the succeeding topics of the work
where several preceptors and their quotations from related works feature.
Definition of vimana has
been wide and comprehensive ranging from simple flying machines to spacecraft.
Knowledge of this science
was not confined to few individuals.
Ancient scientists believed interaction and communication with others in
the field and their works
Their keenness to go with
open mind and highlight views of other preceptors in the field is self-evident.
Works of the preceptors
brought out, evidently at different periods, were available for reference of
other contemporary or succeeding scholars.
CHAPTER 6
THE PILOT
Vymanika Shastra projects
the pilot as a special craftsman whose training and qualitative requirements
are specific. He is referred to as Rhahasyagnodhikari, implying that he is
the authorised custodian of the secrets of the vimana and its systems. The qualitative requirements of training and
skills mentioned in the work have strikingly analogous to those prescribed for
modern combat pilots.
The features of the vimana are referred to as secrets, possibly
used in a generic sense. The correct
interpretation should be that the pilot is the skilled operator who alone is
entitled for the full knowledge of the features provided on the vimana. Thirty-two such secrets or features have
been mentioned. Very high levels of
proficiency and learning have been prescribed for him. Specific reference to the structural
knowledge of the vimana, flying skills including combat manouvres and
aerobatics are noticed. Vymanika
shastra quotes the work Rahasya lahari and other work by Lallacharya and
others.
Special observations: -
Stringent training and
operational standards stipulated are in consonance with similar standards
prescribed for modern aviators.
It is to be noted that
spectacular feats performed by the pilot are included in his skill
expectations. Evidently combat
maneuvers are being talked about at the time of verbal narration of the text
{before 1918 AD}, when the contemporary military aviation {corresponding to the
end of I-world war} was yet to conceive aerobatics and combat maneuvers.
The pilot talked about in
the text is a full-fledged combat pilot capable of engagement in military
roles. Rahasya lahari and other works by Lallacharya are quoted in this
context.
While this work talks of the
pilot as a master aviator, Vedas, Epics and Samarangana suthradhara of Bhoja
Raja have looked at him in an identical manner. Arthashastra of Kautilya (3rd
century BC), essentially dealing with political economics, also refers to
the pilot as Saubhika, a term derived from Soubha Vimana featuring at several
occasions in Mahabharata and Bhagawata.
The pilot is also referred to, more appropriately, as Aakaasha Yodhah,
a warrior in the sky. He is even called
a fighter in the sky. Mahabharata
stipulates at least ten types of
aerobatic movements for combatants.
CHAPTER 7
SECRETS (SPECIAL FEATURES) OF VIMANA
One of the most distinct and
attractive essence of Vymanika Shastra is its explanation of certain special
operational features provided on Vimanas. Later in this presentation, the
features and systems provided to operate the devices are discussed under
Yantraadhikaranam
The secrets or features are
: -
1 . MAANTRIKA |
2 . TAANTRIKA |
3 . KRITAKA |
4 . ANTARAALA |
5 . GOODHA |
6 . DRISHYA |
7 . ADRISHYA |
8 . PAROKSHA |
9 . APAROKSHA |
10 . SANKOCHA |
11 . VISTRITA |
12 . VIROOPA
KARANA |
13 . ROOPANTARA |
14 . SUROOPA |
15 .
JYOTHIRBHAVA |
16 . TAMOMAYA |
17 . PRALAYA |
18 . VIMUKHA |
19 . TAARA |
20 . MAHASHABDA VIMOCHANA |
21 . LANGHANA |
22 .
SARPAGAMANA |
23 . CHAAPALA |
24 .
SARVATOMUKHA |
25 . PARASHABDA GRAHAKA |
26 .
ROOPAKARSHANA |
27 .
KRIYAAGRAHANA |
28 .
DIKPRADARSHANA |
29
.AAKAASHAAKAARA |
30 . JALADA
ROOPA |
31 . STHABDHAKA |
32 . KARSHANA |
|
|
CHAPTER 8
SPECIAL
STUDY ON ROLE- SPECIFIC FEATURES OF
VIMANAS
Narration of specific features
(32 features) deserves special attention. Hence this part of the report is
dedicated specially to these features of the vimanas. Original text is placed
under quotes and comments / observations of the team are noted below each item.
1. Mantrika. : As prescribed in
Mantradhikaranam, by invoking the mantras of chhinna masta, Bhairavi,
Veginee, Siddanatha, acquire the powers of ghutikaa, paadukaa, visible and
invisible and other mantraas with potent herbs and efficacious oils, and
Bhuvaneshwaree mantra which confers spiritual and mesmeric powers, to construct
aeroplanes, which dont break, cannot be cut, cannot be burnt, and cannot be
destroyed.
n By invoking
certain identified mantras to obtain spiritual
and mesmeric powers to construct flying machines that cannot be
destroyed by any means.
2. Tantrika. : By acquiring Mahaamaaya,
shambara, and other taantric powers, to endow the plane with those powers.
n By invoking
specific tantric powers to endow the vimana with some special powers.
Note: The above two
categories as clarified in the later part of Vymanika Shastra have no
relevance in the current Yuga (a scale to measure the cluster of years
representing certain generations of mankind). They are ascribed to the earlier
yugas. For this reason as well as lack
of literature on these disciplines the
study team keeps them out of its scope in this present report.
3. Kritaka. : By study of architects
like Viswakarma, Chaayaapurusha, Manu, Maya and others, to construct planes of
various patterns.
4. Antaraala. : In the wind swept atmospheric region of the sky, in the clash
at the borders of the mighty currents, an inadvertant plane is likely to be
smashed to pieces. But by getting warned of the approach of such danger spots,
the plane could be halted and steered with care
5. Goodha : As explained in Vayutatva prakarana, by harnessing the powers,
yaasaa, prayaasa in the eighth atmospheric layer covering the earth to attract
the dark content of the solar ray, and use it to hide the vimana from the
enemy
6. Drishya : By collision of the
electric power and wind power in the atmosphere, a glow is created, whose
reflection is to be caught in the vishwa kriya darpana or mirror at the front
of the vimana, and by its manipulation to produce a maaya-vimana or camouflaged
vimana
7. Adrishya. : According to Shakti
tantra, by means of the Vymarathya Vikarana and other powers in the heart
centre of the solar mass, attract the force of the etherial flow in the sky,
and mingle it with Balaahaavikarana shakti in the aerial globe, producing
thereby a white cover which will make the vimana invisible.
8. Paroksha. : According to Meghotpatti
prakarana or the science of the birth of clouds, by entering the second of the
summer cloud layers, and attracting the power therein with the shaktyaakarshana
darpana or force attraction mirror in the vimana, and applying it to the
parivesha or halo of the Vimana a paralysing force is generated, and opposing
vimanas are paralysed and put out of action
9. Aparoksha. : According to
Shakti-tantra, by projection of the Rohinee beam of light, things in front of
the vimana are made visible.
10. Sankocha or Contraction. : As prescribed in
the Yantraangopasamhaara section, when the vimana is flying at a speed with
fully extended wings and there is danger ahead, turning the seventh switch in
the vimana, its parts can be made to contract.
11. Vistrita. : According to
Akaashatantra, when the vimana is in the central air flood in the third and
first regions of the sky, by turning the switch in the eleventh section of the
plane, it becomes expanded suitably according to Vaalmeeki Ganita.
12. Viroopa karana. : As stated in Dhooma
prakarana, by producing the thirty second kind of smoke through the mechanism and
charging it with light of the heat waves in the sky and projectiong it through
the padmaka chakra tube to the bhyravee oil-smeared Vyroopya-darpana at the top
of the vimana, and whirling with 130 second type of speed, a very fierce and
terrifying shape of the vimana will emerge, causing utter fright to onlookers.
13. Roopaantara: As stated in
Tylaprakarana, by preparing griddhrajihwaa, kumbhinee, and kaakajangha oils
and anointing the distorting mirror in the vimana with them, applying to it the
nineteenth kind of smoke and charging with the kuntinee shakti in the vimana,
shapes like lion, tiger, rhinoceros, serpent, mountain, river will appear and
amaze observers and confuse them.
14. Suroopa. : By attracting the thirteen
kind of karaka force mentioned in Karaka prakarana applying snow-surcharged
air and projecting it on the right side of the vimana and focusing on it the
suragha beam, a heavenly damsel bedecked with flowers and jewels will appear to
onlookers of the vimana.
15. Jyothirbhaava. : As stated in
Amshubodhinee, out of Samgnaana and other sixteen digits of the solar glow,
by attracting the twelveth to the sixteenth digits and focusing them on the air
force in the Mayookha section in the fourth pathway in the sky and similarly by
attracting the force of the etherial glow and mingling it with the glow in the
seventh layer of air mass and then by projecting both these forces through the
five tubes in the vimana on to the section of the guhaa-garbha mirror, a rich
glow like the morning glow of the sun will be produced.
16. Tamomaya. : As described in Darpana
Prakarana, by means of the dark force mirror, capture the force of darkness,
pass it through the Thamo Yantra in the north-west side of the vimana and by
turning a switch produce at noon-day the utter darkness of the night of the
new-moon.
17. Pralaya, : As described in the magic
book of destruction, attract the five kinds of smoke through the tube of the contracting
machine in the front part of the vimana and merge it in the cloud-smoke
mentioned in Shadgarbha Viveka. Pushing it by electric force through the five
limbed aerial tube, destroy everything as in a catacyclism.
18. Vimukha. : As mentioned in Rig-hridaya, by projecting the force of Kubera, Vimukha and Vyshawaanara poison powder through the third tube of the roudree mirror and turning the switch of the air mechanism, produce wholesale insensibility and coma."
19. Taara. : By mixing with ethereal
force ten parts of air force, seven parts of water force and sixteen parts of
solar glow and projecting it by means of the star-faced mirror through the
frontal tube of the vimana, the appearance of a star-spangled sky is created.
20. Mahaashabda Vimochana. : By concentrating
the air force in the seven tubes of the vimana and turning the switch, produce,
as stated in Shabda Prakaashikaa a crescendo of thunderous din, which stuns
people and makes them quake with fear and become insensible.
21. Langhana. : As stated in Vaayu tattva prakarana when crossing from one air
stream into another, the vimana faces the baadaba glow of the sun and catches
fire. In order to prevent that, the
electric force and air force in the vimana should be conjoined and centred in
the life-centre of the vimana, and by turning the switch, the vimana will leap
into safety.
22. Sarpa-Gamana. : By attracting the Dandavaktra and other seven forces of air and joining with solar rays, passing it through the zig-zagging centre of the vimana and turning the switch, the vimana will have a zig-zag motion like a serpent."
23. Chaapala. : On sighting an enemy plane,
by turning the switch in the force centre in the middle section of the vimana,
a 4,087 revolutions an hour atmospheric wave speed will be generated and shake
up the enemy plane.
24. Sarvatomukha. : When a formation of enemy
planes comes to attack ones viamana, by turning the switch at the crown of the
vimana, make it revolve with agility and face all sides.
25. Parashabda Grahaka : As explained in
Sowdaaminee kalaa or science of electronics, by means of the sound capturing
yantra in the vimana, to hear the talks and sounds in enemy planes flying in
the sky .
26. Roopakarshana. : By means of the
photographic yantra in the vimana to obtain a television view of things inside
an enemy plane.
27. Kriyaagrahana. : By turning the key at the
bottom of the vimana, a white cloth is made to appear. By electrifying the three acids in the
north-east part of the vimana and subjecting them to the seven kinds of solar
rays and passing the resultant force into the tube of the Thrisheersha mirror and
making the cloth screen face the mirror and switching on the upper key, all the
activities going on down below on the ground, will be projected on the screen.
28. Dikpradarshana : Turning the key at the
front of the vimana Dishaampati yantra
will show the direction from which the enemy plane is approaching.
29. Aakaashaakaara. : According to Aakaasha-tantra, by mixing black mica solution with neem and bhoonaaga decoctions and smearing the solution on the outer body of the vimana made of mica plates and exposing to solar rays, the plane will look like the sky and becomes indistinguishable."
30.
Jalada Roopa. : Mixing
pomegranate juice, bilva or bael oil, copper-salt, kitchen smoke, granthika or gugul
liquid, mustard powder and fish scale decoctions and adding sea-shell and
rock-salt powder and collecting smoke of the same solution and spreading it
with solar heat enveloping the cover, the vimana will have the appearance of a
cloud.
31. Stabdhaka. :
By projecting apasmaara poison-fume smoke through the tube on the
north side on the vimana and discharging it with stambhana-yantra, people in
enemy planes will be made unconscious.
32. Karshana. : When enemy planes come in strength to destroy ones vimana, by
setting aflame the Jwaalinee shakti in the Vyswamara naala or pipe located at
the navel of the plane, and switching the keys of the two wheels to 87 degrees
of heat, the burning shakti will envelope the enemy plane and destroy it.
Summmary of observations on
32 special features:
Most of the secrets (or features) are based on principle-specific
texts, an indication that each principle was broad-based and evolved on
scientific perceptions.
Strategic/ Tactical / reconnaissance /communication roles of employment
for attack/ defence purposes are clear.
Many features are safe-flying requirements, many of them relating to
atmospheric zone
A number of advance warning features are enunciated.
Many interesting avoidance features are seen
Biological warfare concept is in clear manifestation
Utilisation of energy and properties of sunrays, ethereal flow, air and
cloud energy are seen.
Read in correlation with system- specific yantras under the
yantradhikaranam the study will be interesting.
CHAPTER 9
THE ATMOSPHERE (AERIAL ROUTES) - AAVARTAAS
Knowledge on atmosphere is
an integral part of aviation science.
This need has evidently been felt by ancient Indian scientists of
Vimaana shastra. An exclusive section,
though brief, has been dedicated for discussion on aerial routes and Whirl
Pool or Aavartaas.
Seer shownakas
classification of five layers of atmosphere is
Rekha
patha
Mandala
Kakshya
Shakti
Kendra
Discussion:
Knowledge of this branch of
science was mandatory in the training of
the pilot of vimaana.
Air routes at each
atmospheric zone running into lakhs of routes and suitability of vimaanas of
different lokaas for flight compatibility in atmospheric zones have been
covered under the topic. However it is
not very clear as to what are being called aerial routes numbering into several
lakhs under each zone mean. Mention of
seven lokas or world is noticed. As a
ground rule, study team has chosen only aspects relating to earth (Bhooloka)
and related matters and kept others out of scope of the study.
Dhundinatha and Valmeeki
Ganita are quoted in support of aerial routes in five zones of atmosphere.
Interesting feature on
aavarthas or whir-pools is the correlation stated between the zones of
atmosphere and the zones of energy.
Rekha
pathaa : Shaktyaavarta or whirlpool of
Energy.
Mandala pathha :
Vaataavarta whirl pool of winds.
Kakshya patha :
Kiranavarta whirl pool from
Solar rays
Shakti patha
: Shaktyaavarta or whirl pool of
Cold Currents.
Kendra patha :
Gharshanaavartha or whirl pool
by collision.
Here it is relevant to bring
in interesting analyses made by sri.M.K. Kawadkar, a researcher with incisive
interpretational skills. This is taken
from his article in Bharatiya Bouddika Sampada, a quarterly journal from
Nagpur. The exclusive efforts being
contributed by their team is laudable. Considering the yeoman service being
rendered by their group in the field of unraveling the veil around ancient
scriptures, we prefer to reproduce the entire report concerning this topic.
Description of Atmospheric
layers in ancient Indian Vimana shastraBy M.K. Kawadkar.
It may be mentioned here
that original text of Bharadwaj Muni on Viman Shastra contained 500 rules in
eight chapters and 100 adhikaranas. The
currently available copy of the book contains only 40 rules in three chapters
and 17 adhikaranas. This shows the
extent of loss of literature. I have selected only one topic for the present
study i.e., knowledge of air routes (Description of Atmospheric layers) in
ancient Indian Viman Shastra.
Maharshi Bharadwaj
summarises this subject in a keyword Panchadnyasch and avartashek i.e., one
must know the five parts of the sky to be able to pilot a flying machine into
the skies and turbulence in it.
The secret science as stated
in earlier verse is provided here.
= In this text the five
eddies are stated.
=With the knowledge of these
sciences the technological expertise is measured.
=For the proof two verses
are quoted.
=The five eddy concept is as
per Shounak.
=The Rekha and other five
routes are described here.
=The five routes are 1.
Rekha. 2. Mandal. 3.Kakshya. 4. Shakti and 5. Kendra.
Shounakiya:
= I sequentially state the
air routes, Rekha, Mandal , Kaksha, Shakti, Kendra each one contains different
powerful currents. As a winged
projectile gets stalled vertically up words (Baman avashtombhya) it is from 41
@ Horizon to 51 lacks, 9 thousand, 8 hundred by numerical measurement. This area contains all the routes in which
seven types of viman (aircraft) fly Viz., Bhuviman and others
Five different routes are
stated here. The statements of
Dhudinath are stated here. Rekha
Marga is seven crores, three lacks, eight hundred units. Mandal Marg is
twenty crores eight lacks and two hundred units. Kaksha Marg is two crores, nine lacks, three hundred units,
Shakti Path is ten crores, one lack, three hundred units, Kendra Mandal is
thirty lacks, eight thousand, two hundred units. Thus, from Rekha to Kendra mandals have been stated serially as
per Valmikis Ganita (maths) in these verses.
Now the air traffic
practices are stated. Summary = There
are six types of Aeroplanes as for 1] Bhuvaloka. 2] Suvarloka. 3] Maholoka. 4]
Janoloka. 5] Tapoloka and 6]
Brahmaloka. In Rekha Patha from type
one to type four can fly in Kakshya Patha from type two to type five can fly in
Shakti patha from type one to type six can fly in Kendra patha, from type three
to type eleven can fly. There are air
routes stated by experts of Valmiki Ganit and other mathematicians.
Note:
These verses are incomplete
because nothing has been said about Mandal path.
There is some distortion
about Ekadashantam.
These sets of verses have
ample room for different interpretation.
That the six lokas are above five paths making it total eleven. I leave it to the readers.
=Thus five air routes have
been stated serially. Now is stated the
decision of eddies. There are many
types of eddies, depending upon the path, however, only the five which are
important for air routes are described.
=Whenever two currents meet
each other the eddies are produced. Now
they are stated serially. In Rekha path
there are eddies which cause power loss, in Mandla there are air turbulence, in
kakshya there are radiation eddies, in shakti path there are cold turbulence
and in kendra path there are frictional or impact turbulence. Thus there are five types of
turbulences. The Brahman Granth also
confirms that the turbulances are five in number (This Brahman Granth is
supposed to lost ) The aeroplanes called as Brahmaloka vimana.
In the transit zones the
high and low temperatures can be erratic.
And these can cause heavy turbulence.
The turbulences are named as Shakti, Vata, Anshu, Shaitya and
Gharshana. It is necessary to know
these specifically, because they are obstructions in the air routes.
Relevant abstracts from Marg
Nibandha:
A chart showing the
comparison between the modern concept of atmosphere and viman shastra of
Maharshi Bharadwaj, is shown below:
Chart showing comparative
heights of Atmospheric layers between Vimana Shastra and todays science
Great-Grand Energy-Reservoir Aa pourusheya Shakthi Kshetra |
KM 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 |
Total void Great sink Magneto Pause Void Magneto Sphere |
Ye-ha-sa Bindu Sankash Brahma Kshetra Veda Garbha Shakthi Ardha chan- Drak brahm Kshetra ee-ha Vu-ha Kundli-Brahm - Kshetra aa-ha-dhandak brahma kshetra |
1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 |
Van Allen belts (High) Magnetosphere |
Tadak/Tarak Brahma Kshetra Ma-haKendra path Gharshana Vartha-3008200 Chow-Dhand Ra-ha Shaktipath Shaktyavarth 100100300 chow-Dhand Ya-ha Kaksha patha Kiranavartha Va-ha Mandala- Path Vathavartha 220800200-Chow Dhand La-ha rekha path Shakatyavartha 70300800 Sara sari samudra Pathali |
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 |
Van Allen belt Lower Ionosphere/Thermo-Sphere (Ozone U.V.-Heat) mesopause Mesosphere Extreme Cold Stratopause Stratosphere Clear air Turbulence Cat jets Min Speed = 30M/sec Tropopause Turbulence Troposphere High air
density M.S.L. |
It can be seen from the
comparison chart that there is a good amount of agreement between the two. It
may be noted that in the modern distribution there are five divisions viz.,
1.Troposphere. 2.Stratosphere. 3.Mesosphere. 4. Thermosphere and 5. Van Allen belts
and the ancient distribution is also in five belts.
The lowermost Rekha patha
matches very well with the Troposphere, along with the Tropopause and the
uppermost kendramandal matches very well with the Van Allen belts (lower). The distribution Shaktipatha matches very
well with thermosphere. Kakshapatha
with mesosphere and mandal with stratosphere, differ in their heights. This is possible because there is a
difference of about 2500 years in between and the philosophical segregation
also might be different. It is also
likely that the atmosphere itself has under gone a change over this period.
Viman shastra has mentioned
Avarta as Avarthascha which means various currents in the five subdivisions
of the atmosphere, which a pilot must know.
The names of various
currents in the five belts are:
(Shounaka)
1.Rekha patha
Shaktyavarta
2. Mandal Vatavarta
3. Kaksha
Kiranavarta
4. Shaktipatha
Shaityavarta
5. Kendramandal
Gharshanavarta
It is said explicitly that
these currents are injurious to the flying machines and can damage and destroy
it (shounaka). The shaktyavarta of
rekha patha is probably synonymous with high air density requiring a great
amount of power for propulsion. The vatavarta
of mandal are clearly synonymous with the clear air turbulence (CAT) of the
stratosphere. There is some ambiguity
about the kiranvarta of kaksha. The
shaityavarta of shaktipatha matches very well with the extreme cold zone of the
mesosphere. The gharshanavarta of
kendramandal is supposed to be synonymous with extreme heat of the Thermosphere
and if kiranavarta is taken with the radiation belt of the Allens then
everything matches very well. The
corrected sequence will appear as under.
Rekha patha Stratosphere High air density Shaktyavarta
Mandalpatha Stratosphere Clear Air Turbulence Vatavarta.
Kendra patha Mesosphere Extreme
cold Shaitya varta.
Shaktipatha Thermosphere Extreme Heat
Gharshanavarta.
Kakshapatha Van Allen belt Radiation hazards
Kiranavarta.
Rekha marg Large number of
powerful turbulence are produced due to very high speed and they damage the
aeroplane called as Bhulokaviman.
Mandal Marg There are many
high speed powerful air currents and they damage the airplanes of three types
as Bhuloka, Svarlok and Maholok.
Kakshya Marg There are
radiation bonds in this region which damage the Jonolok Viman.
Shakti Marg - Extreme cold
zones produce the turbulence in contact with the tracks and they damage the Kheta
Vimana (There is difference between Khet and
Khest Khet=low grade and
Khest=Orbiting ship)
Kendra marg There are many
turbulences, which strikes the planes from many directions, and these damage
the aircraft.
Bodhananda develops it
further and with appropriate reference from Shounak states that the depth of
the sky (with respect to earths surface) is divided into five parts (i)
Rekha patha (ii) Mandal (iii) Kaksha (iv) Shakti (v) Kendra. The bottom of Rekha path is earths surface
called as Kurma and the top of the Kendra is called Varunanta i.e., the end
of the atmosphere. Maharshi Sounaka has
provided the measure of Kurma and Varunanta as 41 lacks and 51,09,800
(measurement units have not been specified.)
But since, this measurement is in connection with earth'ssurface, it is
reasonable to accept that this is the circumference of earth i.e., 24,902 miles
or 40,900 K.M. or about 41,000 K.M.approximately. The kurma of shounaka is one hundred times larger. Therefore the unit selected by Shounak
appears to be about 10 meters or 32.8 ft.
This is very near to an ancient measure known as Danda. Hence, the earths diameter = 41,00,000
(Shounaka) divided by pye = 1305070.5 danda.
For Varunanta, a circumference of 51,09,800 divided by Pye =1626499.8
danda is the diameter of outer atmosphere around the earth. Therefore, the height of the atmosphere
above the earths surface = (1626499.8 1305070.5) divided by 2 = 160714.65
danda or 1607 k.m. (shounaka). This
corresponds with the upper Van Allen Belts as per modern sciences
estimates. This is probably the Valmiki
Ganit (maths) as referred by Dhundinath.
Now, we can proceed further
to evaluate the thickness of various belts of atmospheres. As stated above the following figures are
mentioned for each of the five sub-divisions of the cross section of the
atmosphere.
Here we have to draw a circle
Rekhapath = 70300800
Mandal
= 220800200
Kaksha = 20900300
Shaktipath = 10,0100300
Kendra mandal = 30,08200
Observing the above diagram,
it appears that the provided measures are the areas of five air route
spaces.
Rekhapath = 7,03,00800
divided by 41,00,000 = 17.15 & cumulative height 17.15.
Mandal = 22,08,00,200
divided by 41,00,000 = 53.85 & cumulative height 71.00
Kaksha = 2,09,00,300 divided
by 41,00,000 = 5.09 & cumulative height 76.09.
Shaktipath = 10,01,00,300
divided by 41,00,000 = 24.39 & cumulative height 100.48.
Kendramandal = 30,08,200
divided by 41,00,000 = 0.73 &
cumulative height 101.21.
The circumference of the
earth has to be increased progressively as height increases. However, because last figure 101 is too
small with respect to 41,00,000 and also because of approximation this is
neglected.
There will be a temptation
to take these measures also as Danda.
However, looking to the fact that the period of Shounaka is about 500
BC. and that of Dhundinath not earlier than 1600 AD. There is a time gap of about 2100 years. Therefore, it is highly probable that the
units may be totally different. A
comparison with the modern belts of atmospheres shows that these air-routes
match very well, if these measures are taken in kilometers. This is only a matter of coincidence.
It is note worthy that the
kendra means a centre and kaksha means outermost layer and thus the correction
appears to be valid.
For introducing such
correction, the other references will have to be seen (if available). Such a slip is likely to take place within a
span of about 2500 years.
This topic is further
elaborated by Lalla. He has suggested
that there are five different types of Vimanas built appropriately for each
type of atmosphere. He has considered Bhuloka
Vimana for flying in Rekhaptha or Stratosphere, which are damaged if the speed
increases beyond a critical value.
Janolok Vimana are those which can go up to the kaksha, above which
they may be damaged by the radiations or Kiranavarta of modern Van Allens
belts and the third type is Brahmlok Vimana which can go up to Shaktipath
where it encounters the extreme cold of Shytyavarta and the extreme heat of
the Gharshanavarta which is mesosphere of the modern concept and these planes
are damaged by extreme cold and extreme hot conditions alternatively. It is also stated that all the three types
of planes are damaged by the Vatavarta of the Mandalpatha or the CAT currents
(modern concept). One more type stated
as Khetayan can be damaged in Shaktipatha due to Shytyavarta i.e., the
extreme cold of the mesosphere. One
will have to be very cautious to interpret the work khet as Khet or Khest. As pointed out in the translation of the
appropriate verse Khet means a low quality and Khest may mean any vehicle
plying regularly in sky.
As a matter of conclusion,
it may be said that this study has not revealed any information not known to
modern science. It has only confirmed
that an ancient Indians knew the structure of the atmosphere to a degree of the
precision. This exercise has showed a
necessity of learning such techniques as Valmiki Ganit for the interpretation
of ancient text, which need a very wide search of source material. This has shown a need to collect the ancient
texts wherever possible. The engine and
power section needs such an enrichment and correction. This may offer an opportunity for such
subsequent articles.
The metallurgical study of
viman shsatra also deserves a careful consideration. This may provide some important clues to the avaition materials.
One more interesting and
beneficial study from Vimana Shastra and the associated literature will be a
study of toxicity during air flights. The total number of toxic forces, which
exist in the atmosphere, is stated as 7,58,00,700 and the same number of nourishing
forces. This is also stated as per Valmiki Ganita system. This study was not contemplated for this
article. However, if some reader of
this article knows about the source Visha Nirnaya Adhikara, he is requested
to get in touch with the author.
After the interesting
analysis of Sri. M.K. Kawadkar, we resume our discussion on the same topic.
Possession of a
comprehensive knowledge on atmospheric science among ancient scientists is
substantiated from references to the subject in other ancient works.
Doubts have been expressed
in many quarters, whether ancient Indians did know that the planet earth is
spherical and rotates around its axis.
Ancient Greeks and much later Galileo are accredited with this
discovery. Contrary to this belief it
is seen that chapter 13 of Surya-Siddanta talks of a model of earth in
spherical shape with an axial rod driven through and the body rotating around a
pivot. Vymanika Shastra itself in its
discussion on orebearing crest of the earth, gives the natural conditions of
gravitational forces of rotating earth and even other planets contributing into
formation of different layers of earth.
Rigveda is quoted to deal
with discussion on atmospheric phenomenon such as climate, seasons, rains,
clouds, lightening and so on. Knowledge
of different types of cumulus clouds is confirmed to have existed. Cyclic phenomenon of rain was fully known. Atharvana Veda cites a particular type of
whirlwind as Resma. Vishnu purana
gives details of lightening in different form.
Lightening is also classified based on its acoustic and electrical
characteristics. A deep knowledge of
climatology came from different sources of ancient works, hinting that even
many scientists and works dealt with it.
Briefly narrating knowledge
of cloud classification, the cloud not contributing rain was called Avarta to
the type providing heavy rains Samvartaka (corresponding to cumulo-nimbus)
and that can not provide little rain was called Puskara corresponding to
cirrus, clouds causing rains very helpful to crops called Drona corresponding
strato-cumulous.
Varahamihira gives certain
principles formulated by ancient sages Kashyapa, Garga and others for
determination of rain fall in an area.
Disposition of planetary positions in Zodiac guided such predictions of
rainfall. Natural phenomenon such as
earth quake, eclipses and meteorite fall also contributed in this science of
forecast.
CHAPTER 10
ON-BOARD SYSTEMS / FEATURES
The topic Aeroplane parts
listing 31 parts of the Vimanas is significant. The topic is a derivative or corollary of 32 secrets of vimana
discussed earlier.
Vishwakriyaadarpana or mirror of outside views.
Shaktyaakarshana or energy attracting mirror.
Parivesha mechanism above the hood of the vimana.
Angopasamhaara yantra or folding up yantra at the 7th
bindukeelaka.
Vistritakriyaa or opening out yantra, location in the middle of the 11th
section.
Vyroopya darpana
Padmachakramukha at the sirobhaaga or crest of the vimana.
The kuntinee Shakti mechanism is to be in the neck of the vimana.
Pushpinee and pinjulaa mirrors are to be in the right side of the
centre.
At the front of the left side are to be located the Naalapanchaka or
five pipes
Guhaagarbha.mirror yantra is to be in the front part of the stomach of
the plane
Thamoyantra at the north western side.
Pancha Vaataskandha naala on the western centre
Rowdree
mirror
Vaataskandha keelaka at the bottom centre.
Shaktisthaana at the front and right sides.
Shabda kendra mukha at the left side.
Vidyutdwaadashaka at the north east side.
Praanakundala at the moola of the vimana.
Shaktiudgama at the navel of the vimana,
Vakraprasaarana at the side of Vimanaadhaara.
Shakthipanjara in the central portion.
Shirahkeelaka at the head of the vimana.
Shabdaakarshaka yantra at the shoulder.
Pata prasaarana at the bottom centre.
Dishaampatiyantra at the left front.
Pattikaabhraka at the centre of the hood of the vimana.
Solar power attractor at the top of the vimana.
Apasmaara or poison gas at the sandhi naala mukha or junction tube
front.
Sthambhana yantra at the bottom.
Vyshwaanara naala at the navel centre.
This is the placing of 31
components of the vimana.
Discussions: Here parts are
referred to as Anga. Firstly it is
noticed that these parts are not having one to one correlation with secrets or
features and more importantly, many more complex systems dealt with later in
the work do not find their mention here.
While some appear to be
mechanical contraptions, some others are sophisticated avionic devices.
The systems have been given
distinct locations on vimanas.
Propriety in location of each contraption needs special mention A quick glance at the list of on
board packages indicates:
Function-specific avionics
systems have been conceptualised and developed to provide multiple role
capabilities for vimana.
Systems can be generally
classified under categories
Yantras.
Darpanaa or special mirrors.
Naalas
Energy generating devices.
Solar energy harnessing features at several places.
While some appear to be mechanical contraption, others are
sophisticated special devices.
The systems have been given distinct locations on the vimana. Propriety in location of each contraption
needs special notice.
More of these yantraas are covered under Yantradhikaranam.
CHAPTER
11
CLOTHING
FOR PILOTS
The chapter on special
clothing prescribed for the aviator throws light on the comprehensive manner in
which aviation and its peripherals had been perceived. Like in modern high-speed aviation, special
flying suits for pilots had been visualised by the ancient scientists as well.
Highlights of the soothras
are:
To provide season-compatible
clothing
Attire is specially provided
as a protection against harmful forces, energy beams, climatic effects. It is also a means to improve his
efficiency, strength and resistance.
Pata Samskara Ratnaakara
is the guiding text and preceptor quoted is Gaalava.
The raw materials quoted for
manufacture of the special fabric include silk, cotton, moss, hair, mica and
leather.
Process-intensive methods of
manufacture are stipulated.
Draping of apparel is stated
to be governed by the prescription of Agnimitra.
Comments:
The study team points out
that this aspect on occupational clothing has not been picked-up by any
researcher so far for hardware validation.
Identification of materials,
development of their processing methods must have been broad based on sound textile
technology, exclusive for aviation
application.
Ergonomic and Aesthetic
factors seem to have been taken into consideration fully upto the extent of
smart draping of the apparel.
Ayurveda must have played
a significant part in guiding this textile technology.
Raw materials going into the
fabric prescribed such as silk, leather and even hair suggests that basic
material research in this technology must have been highly advanced.
Note: The project study team,
in course of their data generation visited a Veda Vignana Ashram near Bangalore
carrying out some practical research on ancient sciences. Two researchers in the ashram, both chemical
engineers have started work on synthesising the fabric for pilots as specified
here. Their research however is in
preliminary stages.
CHAPTER 12
FOOD FOR PILOTS
A few soothras of Vymanika
shastra deal with dietary prescriptions for flying personnel. This is on the same lines on which
occupational clothing has been treated on scientific basis. Flying itself being a specialized field
involving skills, physical fitness, endurance, alertness, decision-making and
so on, the supporting elements connected with the aviator have also been
appropriately conceived.
Prescriptions of food for
the pilot have been dealt under the following headings. :
: Food according to seasons.
: Three varieties to ward off seasonal
effects.
: Food at set timings
: Essence of fruits, roots and bulbs.
: Grasses, bulbs and shrubs.
Food according to seasons:
Type of food and diet
principles are ascribed to Kalpa sootra and Ashana kalpa
Season |
Liquid |
Grain |
Flesh |
Spring-& summer |
Buffalos milk |
Tuvar dal |
Flesh of sheep |
Rain-& autumn |
Cows milk |
Wheat & Black gram |
Flesh of cocks & Hen |
Winter & snow |
Goats milk |
Yava & Black gram |
Flesh-of sparrows |
Pilots belonging to Dwija
class-Brahmins, Kshatriyas & Vysyas, were forbidden to consume flesh.
Restriction of flesh in
their diet for dwija & non-dwija classes of the society focuses on two
significant observations.
Aviator could be from any
branch of the community without the usual barriers of Chaturvarna system that
prevailed in ancient India. Perhaps the
vital qualitative requirements were skill and fitness.
Next the soothra dealing
with three varieties of food especially to ward-off evil effects quotes the
work Visha Nirnaya Adhikaara. Here
note the mention of beneficial and evil effects of atmospheric heat, moisture,
cycles of full moon, new moon phases
and changes of seasons. Accordingly changes in varieties of ingredients is
justified.
Food at set times:
In this particularly
interesting soothra, frequency of food intake needs focussed
understanding. Quoting sage Shownaka
and Lallacharya the table of diet frequency / time is as under.
Type of individual |
Number of times per day |
Time specified |
Family men |
Once or twice |
End of six hours from day
break |
Ascetics |
Once |
End of nine hours |
Others |
Four times |
Three times during day,
once in night |
Air pilots |
Five times |
Three times during day, twice during night |
Yogis |
Any number of times |
. |
Note: Pilot has been singled
out as a special craftsman with distinctly specified diet-set for himself. Prescribing five times food intake per day
implies that pilot of the vimanas is not permitted to keep his stomach empty at
any time. He can be called upon to
perform his duties at short notice.
This interpretation is both logical and appropriate in the context of
similar diet regulations for pilots of Indian Air Force. A great deal of similar research-backed
regulation came into being in the form of pre-flight meal before the first
sortie. Many accidents due to black out
were attributed to pilots flying with empty stomach.
While the soothra covered so
far relates to conventionally available foods, the next three short sootras pertain to
contingent conditions such as,
Non-availability of food,
possibly due to shortage, drought, famine and so on.
Adverse survival situations
Non availability of
specified ingredients necessitating substitutes.
Quoting Ashana Kalpa, the
method of preparing cooked food, preparing food for long term storage and
consumption have been mentioned.
Nutritive value has not been compromised.
As substitutes, even grass,
roots, bulbs and fruits with other natural substances such as milk, honey,
condiments etc., used in correct proportion are prescribed without prejudice to
taste or energy content.
The sootra pertaining to use
of natural grasses, herbs and shrubs indicates the extent to which alternative
food items had been visualized and developed to cater for extraneous
conditions. This is analogous to
specific foods developed for personnel of armed forces to survive in strange
situations such as jungles, snow, high altitude, deserts, deep seas and so on.
Note:
A) The study teams
literature survey indicates that based on this topic of Vymanika Shastra,
protein-rich food extract has been developed.
An extract of the report reads as under:
A formula for producing a
protein rich food extract from common Indian grasses is deciphered. CFTRI laboratory is involved in producing a
low cost protein rich food product. [As
powder, biscuit, malt etc.,] from Indian grass.
B) More important report on
the topic of food prescriptions in the work is from an Ayurvedic Doctor of
Bangalore Dr.K.H. Krishna Murthy whose suggestions reproduced below provide
validating data.
Studies on plants from
Vymanika prakarana-Some suggestions.
Since references on Ayurveda
as occurring here are naturally very meagre, stress is given more on the
heuristic aspects of the references rather than the contents therein. The very first point that strikes one here
is that these references are taken from varied sources, often not known to
general ayurvedists Eg., are Shaunakiiya tantra, Bodhaayana vritti. Even a mere listing of these works and a
cursory glance of the contents is of decided value.
Direct references on
Ayruveda occurs in relevant aspects of this work, such as foods in consonance
with the seasons, making specialized concentrated food preparations and
discussing poisons plants. Among the many other uses of plants are included
developing textile materials from plants for making cloth and garments for the
pilots, using the oil of the seeds of Ghontaa apparently for running the
airplane, use of plants in running the bellows, in metallurgical practices
employing plants and plant products and the like.
As such, a consistent study
of references on plants as they occur through out the text is more
rewarding. For most of the plants are
well known in Ayruveda as well and clearly identifiable botanicaly.
Extensive account on
nutrition and its many related aspects occur in any classical Ayurvedic
samhita. Seasonal selection of food
items, detailed instructions on dietetics, nutritional and pharmacological
classification of the dietary articles, special preparation of foods for
journey and the like are found in abundance even in one authour Sushruta in his
chapters on annapaana idhi, procedures for taking cooked food and drinks and
annapana rakshaa kalpam, methodology for protecting cooked foods and drinks
[from becoming poisonous] The information given in the text here is in full
agreement with what is found in Ayurvedic texts.
Details of using plants for
textiles are not available in Ayurvedic texts.
This and the dyeing by plant pigments are better searched in the
relevant local oral traditions. No
textbook seems to have been written on textiles.
Kalpasuutra, Anshu Kalpa and
Vaalmikiya Ganita are not referred to in ayurveda. No mention is made of Valmikiya ganita even in the dictionary by
Monier Willams or Shabda Kalpadruma, the standard works of reference.
Ayurveda covers Visha
Nirnayaadhikaara under agada tantra and garas that are man made mainly chemical
poisons. Toxicology was very well
developed in ancient India.
No Special food is
prescribed for military purposes, but for Chaanakya who advises eating special
leaves by the soldiers on a long march. These will mitigate their hunger and
fatigue. This was probably an Erythroxylon
Sp., much like the red Indians of South America, using cocaine plant during
hard, mannual labour that would consume much time.
Lalla Kaarikaarika is not
mentioned in ayurveda anywhere. Lalla
was an astronomer. Patasamskaara, Ratna
samskaara as adviced regarding clothing do not occur in Ayurveda. Lalla was also a mathematician. His Kaarikaarika can be loosely translated
as factoral hypothesis.
CHAPTER
13
VIEWS OF A COMBAT PILOT:
No study on a subject of aviation
will be complete without the views of an Aviator going into it. It was with this intent that the study team
referred a few chapters of Vymanika shastra to a modern combat pilot. Group captain Matheeswaran V.M. is an
accomplished fighter pilot of the Indian Air Force and a Test Pilot as
well. Presently he is engaged on a research assignment at Chennai. His views on the concepts underlying the
precepts of the work are interesting.
His valuable views validating the substance in the text are produced
herewith. Though brief, his views are
concise and to the point. We are
grateful to him for responding to our request.
He has found the textual content of the work revealing and has expressed
his keenness to study other chapters of the treatise in the coming months.
His Views :
The treatise Vymanika
Shastra is very interesting, considering the fact that it has been written many
centuries before modern aeroplanes began to fly. It is worth studying in great
detail so as to establish the scientific basis of this treatise. It is very
important to note that many centuries ago Indian scholars have written
expositions on aviation. When we consider the fact that India had great
astronomers such as Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, and Bhaskara who analysesd various
aspects of the universe in the early centuries of the Christian era, it is a
pity that appropriate recognition of them in the scientific world has not
been given. The primary reason for this
anomaly lies with Indian researchers who have not done the interpretations in a
modern scientific manner. The world of
modern science is largely dominated by western scholars. This explains
why Galileo, Keppler, and Copernicus are credited with discovering the truths
of the universe, while indications of this was actually given 1000 years
earlier by Aryabhatta. It is, therefore, very important for Indian researchers
to analyse ancient scripts with an open mind and not close any possibilities of
inventions by ascribing reasons of farfetched literary imaginations.
It is in this light that the
above treatise on aviation must be analysed. According to the modern world,
Leonardo da Vinci is credited with being the first man to have seriously
studied the science of flight on a scientific basis. This was 500 years ago. The
Vymaanika Shastra, on the other hand, is far older. It, therefore, deserves to
be analysed in great detail and interpreted positively and with an open mind.
There is considerable clarity in the definitions. What is
surprising is the fact that the definitions could be easily seen in terms of
todays environment and understanding. The definition of Vimana is one example.
The explanatory definition of a pilot is very interesting. Fundamentally the
entire description can be converted in todays relevance as one of physical and
mental alertness, quick reaction, ability to grasp and understand complex
issues rapidly, and, more importantly, the ability to build situational
awareness all the time.
On page 7 and 8, the atmosphere has been described briefly as
falling into five divisions. Could these be studied in terms of the divisions
as we know, that is stratosphere, ionosphere etc. More information in other
chapters will have to be searched. Similarly the treatise talks about various types
of vimanas that can operate in various layers. If we remove the frills and
legends from the text, we may be able to discern some facts about the awareness
that existed on the need for different platforms that were required in lower
atmospheric layers and higher layers, eventually stepping into outer space.
Similarly, in the paragraph
that describes various whirlpools, an interpretation towards understanding of
wind shears and its effects could be discerned.
Most of the parts
descriptions need to be interpreted with more technical help. However, there
are a few very interesting parts described. For example the solar power
attractor is probably one of the crucial power generators of the platform. The
logic of locating it on the top of the Vimana goes well with established
scientific procedures. In all the document lists 31 components crucial in the
Vimana.
This is an important
section. Relevance of temperature conditions are well described. The document describes
the special treatment that is required to be carried out for the material of
pilots clothing. When compared to modern aviation clothing, this aspect is
absolutely in line. The objective is to ensure that the clothing is fire
resistant, light-weight, and provide adequate protection from effects of
temperature.
The composition of
prescribed food appears to be well balanced in terms of proteins,
carbo-hydrates and lot of liquids. This part needs to be studied with the help
of medical experts.
An important observation is
the recommendation that pilots should take food five times a day. The fact that
modern flying, particularly fighter flying, is a heavy energy draining exercise
is established. In fact, doctors advise frequent replenishment of food in small
quantities during flying activity as against standard three meals a day. This
is particularly important when a pilot starts his first sortie in the morning.
It is a tabbo to fly on empty stomach.
This is again an important
section as it describes the various types of metals used for making Vimanas.
The characteristics of metals described in terms of heat-absorbing,
non-conducting etc need to be studied in depth.
The document describes
thirty two secrets that form essential knowledge for a pilot. This could be
interpreted as the need for a pilot to be knowledgeable about the profession,
be a skilled flier, and be a good strategist and tactician. Only then can he
exploit the aerial weapon system.
The thirty two secrets
described can be seen or interpreted to signify various techniques and
technologies such as radar, stealth, combat manoeuvres, basic flying, awareness
about weather hazards etc.
For example Antaraala may
be interpreted as indicating the dangers to the safety of the aircraft while
encountering wind shears, down drafts on the leeward side of the hills, thunder
clouds etc. For example if the pilot cannot recognise a building, cumulonimbus
cloud and enters it he may lose control of the aircraft, or in extreme cases
the aircraft may even break up.
The description of Drishya
can be seen in terms methods used to boost or reduce radar signature of the
aircraft. Adrishya, on the other hand, relates to a technique akin to
stealth technology. Paroksha describes a technique which can be related to
todays Electronic Warfare, wherein the enemy aircrafts systems are
paralyzed through jamming.
Aporoksha talks about a
Rohini beam of light that makes targets in front visible. This is similar to
the radar technology, wherein radio waves are used to detect the targets in
front.
Sankoch describes a
variable sweep technology. Pralaya and Vimukha appear to be some sort of
beam weapons. Modern aerospace technology is already talking about the use of
beam weapons in the near future.
Saarpa-gamana describes
aircraft manoeuvring in rapid fashion, that is today achieved through use of
vectored thrust. Similar is the description of Sarvatomukha.
A lot of technology in terms
of radio, electronics, and guidance are indicated. Parashabda Graahaka
describes essentially voice communication and signal intelligence.
Roopakarshana describes television view inside the aircraft. Dikpradarshana
can be interpreted as target information provided on the radar. Aakaashkaara
describes the technique of achieving stealth.
This analysis pertains to the first chapter of the Vymaanika
Shastra. Most of the details are short and appear to be introductory descriptions.
I presume greater details will be available in subsequent chapters. These need
to be analysed in depth and arrive at a logical conclusion. The concepts of the
author should be deduced while disregarding superfluous literary descriptions.
This will throw a more balanced light on the whole document and lead to a very
productive conclusions.
CHAPTER 14
METALS FOR VIMANAS
-LOHADHIKARANAM:
Out of many topics of Vymanika Shastra, the one picked up by
most Indian researchers is on metals and materials. In particular metals conclusively categorised for use on vimana
have incited curiosity.
Three ancient scientists
quoted are Shownaka, Manibhadra (in his Manibhadra Kaarika) and Saamba.
All the three sages commonly
point at three kinds of root metals for aviation applications - Somaka,
Soundaalika, and Mourthwika. Apart from
lightness, metallic property targeted is heat absorbing / resistance.
The root metals [in ore
form] are described to be available at identified layers of earths crust out
of about three thousand metal bearing layers.
Different layers contain different metal ores in varying grades.
Loha Kalpa and Lohatantra
are described as the master texts on metallurgy.
To obtain different alloys
for manufacture of varieties of vimanas, sixteen alloys have been stated to be
processed from the three core metals by mixing in different proportions. They are given in the table.
Ushmambhara |
Sheetahana |
Ushnapaa |
Garalaghna |
Ushnaahana |
Raajaamlatrit |
Amlahana |
Veeraha |
Vishambhara |
Panchagna |
Vishalyakrit |
Agnitrit |
Vijamitra |
Bhaarahana |
The ancient scientists have
propounded that formation of metallic ores is attributed to forces of
--Gravity of the centre of earth.
--Gravity of global earth.
--Solar flood.
--Air force.
--Planetary forces.
--Suns gravitational force.
--Moons gravitational force.
--Interplanetary gravitational forces in the universe,
Each in proportion 3, 8, 11,
5, 2, 6, 4, 9 and combined with heat and moisture inside the crest.
The work ponders a great
deal over various forms of energies [forces] that lead to the synthesis of each
of the three types of core metals. For
the benefit of the readers summery is given in table form.
Core metal or Beeja loha With exponent sage and
governing text. |
Alloys under each category |
Souma [sage Atri] in
Naamaartha kalpa Related-worksParibhaasha
chandrika--Vishwambhara kaarika |
Souma,Sowmyaka,Soundaasya,Soma
Panchaanana,Praanana, Shankha, Kapila. |
Soundala Type |
Viranchi, Souryapa,
Shanku, Ushna, Soorana, Shinjika, Kanku, Ranjika, Soundeera, Mughdha,
Ghundhaaraka |
Mourtwika type |
Amuka, Dvyaamuka, Kanka,
Tryamuka, Svetaambara, Mridambhapa, Baalagarbha, Kuvarchaa, Kantaka,
Kshvinka, Laghvika. |
Important observations:
--Knowledge of metals in ancient
India was not confined just to basic metals such as Iron, Copper etc.,
Development of metallurgical technology apparently scales upto aviation
requirements. Enormity of basic
research in the entire process can be visualised.
--Knowledge of factors
causing formation of ores in earths crust must have existed. How far this theory matches with
geo-physical phenomenon of modern science can be a separate study.
--Geological studies and
mining of ores apparently existed.
--Discussion on
interplanetary forces influencing earths crust stated here are indicative of
comprehensive and deep knowledge that existed in ancient India.
--Considering the number of
alloys mentioned, very fine property-specific developments must have been aimed
at in metallurgical processes.
A brief chapter thereafter
deals with the purification [more appropriately, refining] process of metals
and alloys. The processes are slightly
different for each class of metals.
Guiding text is Samskara Darpana.
Several types of acids, decoctions,
charcoal, salt and native materials of Ayurvedic origin feature in these
processes. Modern metallurgists would
find it strange that a variety of organic substances participate in the process
of refining.
Deliberating on production
of Ooshmapa metals [heat resistant] under the category of Souma, Soundala and
Mourtwika, mixing of each alloy under each variety and their proportion of mix
has a special connotation. Each alloy is given a number under the three core
metals against which proportions are prescribed for the mix to obtain the
desired quality of alloy Deeper study should be very gainful.
Lallacharyas classification
of metals is distinct in its own way and it is source- related as follows.
Kritaka or
artificial
Corrupted
Mud-born
Aquatic
Mineral-born
Vegetation born
Evolved from
vermin
Flesh born
Grown from salt
Hair born and egg
born
Crucibles Mooshadhikaranam:
Ancient metallurgists seem
to have developed a wide variety of crucibles to suit each process. Guiding text is Moosha Kalpa.
The process of manufacture
of Antarmukha [Inward looking] crucible stated to be prescribed for preparing
metals for vimana is given in detail.
Fire place [furnace] or
kunda vyaasaatikaadhikaranam.
Kunda Kalpa, the guiding
text stipulates the use of koorma or tortoise shaped furnace for melting
aircraft alloys. Kunda Nirnaya goes
further to outline the constructional aspect of these furnaces.
Bellows - Bhastrikaadhikarana:
Guiding textBhastrika
Nibandhana. For the purpose here, a specific
type of Bellows to match with Tortoise shaped furnace is prescribed.
The constructional details
include specific leather for the body of the bellows and a variety of organic
and inorganic materials.
Comments:
Specific-to-type crucibles,
furnaces, bellows selected from amongst a wide-ranging types and numbers hint
at very fine development of metallurgical processes.
CHAPTER 15
MIRRORS--DARPANADHIKARANAM
The chapter dealing with
Darpanaas or Mirrors in the text Vymanika shastra is particularly
significant. The term mirror has been
referred to in a very generic sense. It
is observed during the study of this topic that they are reflectors,
deflectors, absorbers, radiators, augmenters of light and energy beams and so
on.
The guiding text is Mukura
kalpa, the author being Lallacharya, Seven such darpanas narrated are:
Viswakriya darpana -- Television
aid.
Shaktyaakarshana
darpana -- Power
capturing mirror.
Vyroopya darpana --Appearance changing mirror.
{Kuntinee darpana, Pinjula
darpana,
Guhagarbhadarpana,Roudreedarpana
} -- Energy related.
Study of later part of the
work shows that these darpanas are parts of system -specific on board contrivances
grouped under Yantraas. The object of
treating them exclusively under darpanas is obvious. They form the core components of yantraas. In fact we notice that many Yantras have derived names from the mirrors
incorporated in them.
1) Vishwa kriyaa darpana:
Provided as a visual display
for the pilot in his cabin [cockpit], providing high resolution live picture
relay of activities all round the
vimana and hence called Vishwa kriya darpana. Kriyaasaara is the text of reference.
Note: Some of the
researchers have interpreted as activities going on all over the world,
possibly based on usage of the term Viswakriya.
Composition: Satva (2),
Shundilaka (2), Eagle bone (1), Mercury (5),
Foot nails of Sinchoranee (2),
Mica (6), Red lead (5), Pearl dust (5),
Eye balls of Sowmyaka fish
(15), Burning coal (1), Snakes slough (8), Eye Pigment (3), Granite sand (10),
Salts (8), Lead (4), Sea foam (2), White throated eagles skin (3), Five parts
of Vyrajya or Keg tree bark.
A finely mixed powder of the
ingredients in beaked crucible
Chandodara furnace 800
heat
Melt to be poured in to mould.
Observations: Ingredients
are organic and inorganic substances including animal, birds, reptiles, oceanic
and botanical origin.
--Hypersensitive optical
properties of eagle, fish and pearls are well known.
--Display to the pilot is a
useful Pre-flight and In-flight information to decide suitable course of action
and may even relay the activities in the environ to the vimanas trailing. Notice the usefulness in reconnaissance and
surveillance roles.
More of this during
discussion on the main yantra later.
2) Shaktyakarshana darpana:
Shaktyaakarshana yantra
derives its name from its prime component Shktya karshana darpana.
--Use of this drapana is to
counter the dangerous elements of energy due to solar ray, ethereal wind and
heat in specified layers of atmospheric zone.
The mirror enables in subduing or neutralising the effects of this
energy and protects the vimana.
--Dhundinatha and Paraankusha
have discussed such dangerous energy sources.
Composition: Haritaala (5),
Virinchi (5), Salts (8), Gingelly husk (4), Diamond (6), Red mica (1), Burning
coal (8), Sand (3), Tortoise egg (2), Bhaarami (3), Kanda (3), Powshkala (5),
Coral (5) Pearl (2), sea shell (6), Borax (8), Shankha (5), Bengal Quince Seed
(3).
Powdered and mixed in
swan crucible
heated in Mandooka furnace
Boiled to 500 degree and poured in to vistrita mirror.
Observations: A flight safety
device against harmful atmospheric effects.
3. Vyroopya darpana:
Recalling the concept of
Vyroopya under special features dealt with earlier and later covered as a
yantra under relevant chapter, vyroopya darpana is discussed here.
--To project a distorted or
changed appearance of vimana, this mirror is made use of. It is a magical reflector intended to
project / relay illusory shapes primarily to produce scary decoy images or
animations, confusing the attacking pilots.
Composition: Bone salt (5),
Zinc (3), Lac (3), Iron (8), Shashabola (3), Raajakuraantika (2), Charcoal Ashes (8), Borax (3), Rakshaa
(8), Sand (7), Liquorice oil (25),
Maturna (6), Suncrystal (2), Kravyaada (3), Garada (8), Pistha (3), Arshogna
Root, Varaaha Pitha (3), Ammonium Chloride (3).
--Mix in crucible
Boil to 800 degree in furnace
Pour into Darpanasara yantra
4] Kuntineee mirror:
To counter poisonous and
evil atmospheric effects that derange the minds of the pilots, this mirror is
provided as a safety gadget.
Composition: Saurastra earth
(5), Snakes slough (7), Sea foam (3),
Shanmukha seeds (5), Zinc
(8), Rhinoceros nails (3), Salts (8),
Sand (7), Conch (4), Mercury (4), Yellow orpiment (4), Suranghrika (7), Gingely oil (5), Pearl
shells (8), Sea shells (3), Camphor (4).
Purify in Shinjhika crucible
heat in Shinjheera furnace at 700-degree produces morning-sun like
kuntinee mirror.
5]
Pinjula Mirror:
In simple terms pinjula has
been defined as conflicting interaction of solar rays. Quoting Anshu Bodhinee propounded by
Maharshi Bharadwaja, resultant force from interacting forces of solar energy,
winds, heat (having different intensities from different directions), cause
harmful effects on the eyeballs of flying crew. They are Andha, Andha kaara, Pinjoosha, Taarapa. These effects lead to blindness.
--Essentially conceived as a
protective device for the pilots.
Composition:
Goats milk (6), Red lead
(5), Salts (8), Sand (7), Tree gum (5), Copper (2), Lead (2), Surolika essence
(4), Twak (8), Vaardhyushika (3), Kanda (3), Pistha or Gingelly husk (4),
Orpiment (3), Timevellesema (3), Vrikodaree seed (4).
Purified, powdered, mixed,
placed in crucible
heated in furnace to 700 degree poured in to mould.
6] Guha garbha darpana:
Harnessing harmful energy of electricity from clouds, winds, rays
and directing them against the enemy planes to disable, incapacitate them to
fight.
Observation: Using harmful energies available from the
environment as a weapon against enemy forces-Distinctly a biological-weapon.
--Guide quoted is Prapancha
saara and Sanmohana-kriyaa-kaanda.
--Preceptors quoted-
Vashistha, Lalla.
Composition:
Cowries (7), Manjula or Madder root (3), Sea foam (3), Ranjaka (8), Mandoora or Rust (6), Mercury (8), Orpiments (3), Matrumna
(6), Mridani garbha essence (5), Sphatika (5), Industatwa (15), Sand
(8), Kishora (6), Brahmika (7), Lead (2), Eye Pigment
(6), Muchukunda (5), Gingely oil (2), Lohika (25), Sowrastra
earth (8), Bones (3), Dambholi stava (5).
Purify the mix, powder,
place in crucible
melt up to 700 degree
cooled, results in Guha garbha Darpana.
7] Rowdree Darpana:
Mixing of rays of Rowdree
beam and solar rays and projecting the resultant energy on enemy planes as a
lethal weapon. The resultant energy
appears to possess a high heat content and therefore melts everything it is
projected upon.
Paraankusha and Sanmohana
Kriya Saara are the guiding references.
Composition:
Lead (8), Shalmali (3), Durvaa (7), Kudupinjara (8), Dronee
(21), Sun crystal (8), Rudraanee Graavoshara (27), Betel leaves (6), Kowtila (8), Veeraabhra
Linga (36), Salts (8), Sand (7),
Matrumna (6), Dimbhika (3), Zinc (8),
Ant hill earth (3), Gum (6),
Kumbhinee (3), Sweta oil
(3), Timmnevelli sema (27), Goodhaamla (6), Silk cotton (8), Virinchi
Satva (8), Kada (5), Yellow Orpiment (3), Kaarmusha (7).
Purified, mixed, placed in
crucible
melted up to 800 degree
yields Rowdree Darpana.
Summary of observations on mirrors:
On an average there are 20
ingredients in making of each mirror and 75% of these components are common
factors, proportions being different.
Specific-to-type and unusual
ingredients are Rhinoceros nails, Eyeballs of fish, Snakes slough, Eagles
skin, Eye pigments, which may be imparting particular properties. They are also of natural origin and were
perhaps available in abundance from natural sources.
Characteristics or
properties appear to be derived from strange and remote substances.
Most of the strange
ingredients listed have something to do with optics.
Ayurveda and ancient
chemistry need to be consulted in a big way to decode some of the materials.
Similar coded materials
mentioned in the preparation of Prakaasha sthambhana bhida have been successfully
deciphered through suitable analyses and interpretation at National
Metallurgical laboratory, Jamshedpur.
(A copy of their report is appended as appendix - E).
CHAPTER
16
SHAKTYAADHI KARANAM THE POWER
This topic deals with power
(forces) related to functioning of vimana in its flight and other operative
modes to achieve the desired effects of motion. The manner in which different sages have viewed this aspect makes
it thoughtprovoking.
Yantra-Sarvaswa of which
Vymanika Shastra is a derivative, groups the power into seven
catagories. Each of them vis--vis
actuating forces are stated as follows.
TUNDILA -- UDGAMA SHAKTI
PANJARA -- PANJARA SHAKTI
AMSHUPA
(SHAKTIPA) -- SOLAR POWER ABSORPTION
APAKARSHAKA --
ABSORPTION OF POWER-
FROM ALIEN
VIMANAS
SAANDHAANIKA --
GROUP OF 12 FORCES
DAARPANIKA --
KUNTINEE SHAKTI
SHAKTI PRASAVIKA -- MAIN
MOTIVE POWER
Shounaka sootra is in
agreement with the classification of forces as seven. Another guide soudaamini kala featuring in Anshu bodini is
also in tandem with this manner of grouping though based on a different theory.
Kriyaa-saara goes further
in explaining these forces more understandably as follows.
Ascent of vimana :
Udgamashakthi.
Descent of vimana : Panjara
shakti.
Solar heat absorption : by
Shaktyaapa-karshini.
Allien force restraining : Parashakti.
Spectacular motion of the vimana : By Vidyutdwadashaka Shakti.
All the above are stated to
be basically from the primary force of the vimana. The twelve activities involved in performing spectacular motions
have been separately mentioned as follows.
Proceeding : Shuddering
Mounting : Descending
Circulating : Speeding
Circambulating : Sideways motion
Receding :
Anti-clockwise motion
Motionless : performing
miscellaneous motions
In yet another
classification sage Narayana classifies the forces as just five and attributes
the forces generated to perform all activities to the power derived from
Sadyojaata yantra.
Another work
sphotayana hold the view that spectacular motions are achieved by Chittinee
Shakti. The guide Kriyaa-saara is also
in support of this theory. Other guides
Shaktibeeja and Shaktikoustuba are firm that Panjara Shakti generated by
Sadyojaata yantra performs all motions and all other forces are incidental to
it.
Amidst numerous
views of several sages and texts stated above Maharshi Bharadwaja analyses and
emphatically rules that only seven forces are relevant and distinct, all others
are corollaries of these seven forces.
Essentially Panjara Shakti is the primary motive force.
Observations and
discussions:
--Sages and texts
quoted have some diverse views. This is
possibly due to the type of flying machines they had conceived. They seem to have differentiated forces
depending on how resolution of force components were done.
Ex.: Force required for Udgama ie., take off on
vertical mode will be one, where as if it is on normal roller take off, the
forces can be resolved in to vertical components and horizontally forward
components- Hence it becomes two
distinct forces.
--Forces required
for aerobatic manoeuvres have been conceived.
An indication that vimana with capability for combat manoeuvres have
been referred to.
--It becomes
necessary to understand what type of flying machines are kept in view to arrive
at controlling forces required. As we
see in modern Flying machines, Conventional aeroplane, Rotary wing machines,
Vertical take-off and Landing machines, Hover Craft etc., all have different
principles of operation. For example, a
VTOL aircraft and conventional aircraft are different, a helicopter is
different from a conventional aircraft.
Achieving zero forward velocity
is possible in a VTOL aircraft and helicopter and is not possible in a
conventional aircraft. Sideways
movement is possible in helicopter and the same is not possible in a
conventional fixed wing aircraft.
Similarly a glider is distinctly different from other powered
aircraft.
It is interesting
to see that Rolling, Yawing, Banking, Spinning, Accelerating, Zero-velocity
principles are under mention.
Another way of
understanding this is with a comparison with modern aeroplane. The engines, though meant for propulsion,
generate a number of power sources that are driven by it, eg. Generator to
produce captive power, hydraulic and pneumatic pumps for controls of various
services, pumps to generate fluid pressure and the like. In such an arrangement these accessories
driven by the engine can themselves be viewed as sources of power.
--Later in the
text under the topic Yantradhikarana there are references that each system had
its own source of power drawn from Panjara shakti.
--Sadyojaata as
a form of power has been introudced briefly by Sri M.K. Kawadkar in his article
on atmosphere.
CHAPTER
17
YANTRADHI
KARANAM:
In the earlier part of this report
several features of on-board systems on which the pilot should be profecient
were introduced. Yantradhikarana
chapter forms the core content of Vymanika shastra. Highly technical in-flight packages described in this part of
the text comprise of nearly one half of the work. While highlighting the basic scientific research underlying the
technologies, this topic adds substance to the belief that ancient India had a
high level of scientific knowledge.
In this chapter relating to yantras,many
mirrors, crystals or manis, naalas etc., feature as components of yantras. The text deals with details of on-board
fitments, their constructional and operating methods, preparation process of
special materials and the like. Before
going into details, general points of observation are as follows:
What are referred to as 32 secrets and
31 special on-board packages (referred to as yantras) have no one-to-one
relationship in terms of their serial mention.
As it has been confirmed from several researchers on this work as well
as similar works of ancient science, interpretations with reference to context
plays a pivotal role in correct understanding.
Virtually it forms a gate to make entry into disguised, coded and veiled
textual contents. Once this barrier is
crossed the rest seems to be relatively simpler. This need should be appreciated. A positive look notwithstanding, many scientists of modern
school of thought may criticise this approach as attaching meanings.
Like in other parts of the text, there have been references to other
works or principles of scientific subjects and technologies developed. The enormity of basic science behind
development to evolve a variety of contrivances can be visualised. Quotations from experts in each discipline
of science have been cited; showing the vast amount of knowledge that must have
prevailed. It gives credence to the
depth and profoundness of Yantra Sarvasva to an extent that Vymanika
Shastra itself looks too innocuous.
Each system package seems to be conceived with compactness supplied
with power source, using recycling process and modular in nature. From the manner in which it is explained in
the text it is even possible that designs catered for using each system as a
well conceived and need based entity.
It could even be that selection of each on board yantra could have been
based on mission role.
The locations of the yantras prescribed in the text seem to be apt and
function related.
Many of the alloys and materials have organic and inorganic
contents. This may look strange to
metallurgists of modern science.
Each process of manufacturing of metals, alloys and Naalas gives:
a) Ingredients
and their proportions of mix.
b) Use of
specific-to-type crucibles.
c) Specific to
type furnaces and bellows.
d) Specific
melting or fusing temperatures on ancient
scale. (kaksya)
.
Usage of a number of alloys, special materials indicate that they were
definitely based on specific applications for which they were conceived and
developed. Conceptualisation and
visualisation of techniques must have logically prompted development of applied
research.
The techniques that have followed concepts of application-specific systems
developed to perform specific roles or functions were exclusively evolved for
strategic and tactical roles, flight safety, communication and navigational
needs. A variety of roles include photo
reconnaissance, camouflaging, detection-avoidance, electronic warfare role,
variable geometry, Biological warfare roles, remote sensing, evasion tactics,
in air combat. In fact the applications
seem to be more for use on aircraft in full-fledged military roles than for
other purposes.
There is more than adequate substance in the concepts and techniques to
substantiate that unless aircraft existed in those times and extensively used
in various roles, development would not have been necessary or possible.
The term enemy has been used in a generic sense with the
interpretation that it denotes anything that can cause danger, harm or
adversity. All these have been referred
to as enemy. It could be the
aircraft, ground or maritime forces of the opponents, it could be adverse
environment, climate or space conditions, and it could be a biological weapon
or any other adverse situation.
Appropriate contextual interpretations in each case hold the key in
meaningful deductions and understanding.
With these general
observations we now go into discussions on the topic Yantradhikarana or
Subsidiary yantras. Efforts have been
made to gather literature on research from other sources. The views of the study team are dovetailed
in such cases. Whenever the discussion
is exclusively from study team no reference is mentioned. Inspite of constraints of time all efforts
have been made to cover as many yantras as possible.
Before discussing various
devices referred to as Yantras in this chapter of the work, it is interesting
to ponder over prevalence of yantras during earlier phases of Indian
civilisation. Dr. V. Raghavan, a former
professor of Sanskrit in Madras university, has brought out a brief treatise,
published by Indian Institute of Culture, Bangalore in 1956. In this booklet, the author has dealt with
the subject in fair detail.
Starting from origin of the
work Yantras from the root word Yaan meaning to control, his narration
starts form very rudimentary contrivances such as
Water pulley = Ghati Yantra
Oil presser = Taila Yantra
Cane presser = Ikshu yantra,
and goes on to more advanced
devices such as those used for protection of fortresses, operation of fort
gates, appliances used for bridge construction, weight lifting devices
etc., His quotes refer to specific
chapters and slokas from epics Ramayana, Mahabharata, Harivamsha, Buddist
literature, Koutilyass Artha Shastra.
Some of the yantras even relate to acquired technology from Persia. Valmiki Ramayana quotes use of several
yantras in the fortifications of capital cities of Ayodhya and Lanka. They included devices to shoot arrows,
stones at attacking enemy forces.
Among a variety of yantras,
some interesting ones are auto-driven Rathas, water jet mechanisms for fire
quenching, surgical instruments and strangely, some of the yantras seem to be
for the purpose of torturing convicts.
Contrivances used for battles included devices that hurled huge boulders
at the enemy. He quotes some researches
concluding that yantras with firearms and combustibles were widely employed in
ancient Indian warfare. Samarangana
Sutradhara of Raja Bhoja is a unique work on this subject. To quote one of them mentioned by Dr. V.
Raghavan, is the yantra Parjanyaka a device which was used for causing
artificial rain.
Many devices of
architectural engineering applications include those developed for human
pleasure, entertainment and the needs of the royale and the rich. What seems to be most amusing note is the
use of Robots employed for guarding security gates of palaces and mansions.
Dr. Raghavans discussions
on yantras make very interesting reading.
To top his treatment of the subject, it is appropriate to cite the
merits of good yantra or machine
The merits of a good
machine, Yantra-gunas, are as follows:
Proper, proportionate utilisation of the elements constituting it.
Well-knit construction.
Fineness of appearance.
Inscrutability.
Functional efficiency.
Lightness.
Freedom from noise where noise is not part of the scheme.
A loud noise when noise is intended as an end.
Freedom from looseness.
Freedom from stiffness.
Smooth and unhampered motion.
Production of the intended effects (in cases where the ware is of the
category of curios).
The securing of the rhythmic quality in motion (particularly in
entertainment wares).
Going into action when required
Resumption of the still state when not required (chiefly in cases of
the pieces for pastime).
Freedom from an uncouth appearance.
Verisimilitude ( in the case of bodies intended to represent birds,
animals, etc., )
Firmness.
Softness.
Durability.
Note: The readers attention
is brought to the comprehensive and fine details to which machine-design
aspects could be perceived and structured.
With the above discussion on
yantras brought in from Dr. V. Raghavans noted work, we resume discussion on
more advanced and highly technical contraptions in the work of our study.
Vishwa
kriya darshana darpana:
This is a photo device
coupled with telescopic arrangement to obtain pictures from aerial
reconnaissance of activities on ground.
Essentially it is the photo reconnaissance role of the vimana being
talked about.
The interpretative skills of
Sri M.K. Kawadkar on the analysis of the functioning and operative details his
interpretation is attached as appendix.
Discussion: The description of this device is mentioned
as the first item under 31 parts of the vimana for on-board use. Photoreconnaissance and Air surveillance are
integral parts of air-warfare.
Reproducing the function of this device from the work we read as follows
------ and enables the pilot to realise the conditions of the concerned
region, and he can take appropriate steps to ward-off danger and inflict
damages on the enemy.
Analysis of the concept
indicate that as the vimana is engaged in offensive and defensive roles, the
pilot is provided with the display of visual aid of the area around and take
decision for defensive action as well as to assume attack mode. Tactical and strategic roles are thus
covered. Employed possibly in
reconnaissance role, pictures taken could be screened through
photo-interpretation to decide the course of action and work out suitable
plans.
Going through the
constructional details, use of Vishwodara metal, crystals or glass beads,
special mirrors for attracting solar rays, image reflectors, joint use of solar
and electric power, mercury, universal reflecting mirrors, lenses together with
actuating mechanisms have been discussed in the text. The end objective is to obtain true-to-life pictures of the
ground environment.
A careful examination of the
expression true-to-life pictures indicates that the pictures relayed to the
pilot are not mere still photographs, but a continuos relay of all activities
on the ground. Use of telescope and
camera confirm this. Activities here
should mean movement of troops, their strength, formation and deployment
including their weaponry. In support of
this interpretation it is necessary to closely observe the title of this
device. Kriya meaning (activity) and
not merely roopa or picture. It is
logical to interpret as a continuos relay of all that is happening on the
ground. In brief, use of cameras,
telescopes, photo -chemical processes and the mechanisms of operating them are
noticed.
Shaktyakarshana
yantra:
One of the on-board
features, this device is meant to neutralise and dissipate the effects of
radiation occurring in the upper regions of the atmospheric frictions which
generate dangerous forces. Severe
forces are caused by winds and ethireal waves. This could be harmful to the
structure of the vimana. It is
noticeable that this device is a flight protection contrivance against vagaries
of dangers from atmospheric phenomenon.
Constructional and functional details mention use of krowncha metal,
special glasses, mirror made of Aadarsha glass, globular ball of Vaatapaa
glass, liquefied mixture of load-stone, crystals, mica, serpents slough,
mercury and crystals. The essential
function is from six crystals or manis which are placed at specified
dispositions. Further description
explains that the influence of harmful forces and waves are absorbed through
these crystals gradually and converted to heat before dissipating into the
atmosphere. Rohinee Shakti and Bhadra
Shakti are to be treated in a similar manner through a different arrangement in
order to neutralise or mitigate the dangerous effects.
Here a study of upper
atmospheric regions dealt with in Mc Grawhill series indicate that the eddy
currents in higher regions are a potential danger to flying craft transiting
through them.
Brief analysis of this
yantra by Sri M.K. Kawadkar is appended seperately along with Parivesha kriya
yantra, Vistrutasya yantra, Vyrupya darpana, Padma chakra Mukha yantra,
Kuntinee shakti yantra, Pushpini and Pinjuladarsha yantra, Nala panchaka etc.,
refer to appedix - G.
Angopasamhara
yantra or folding up yantra at the seventh Bindu keelaka:
This yantra is basically a
mechanical contraption installed for In-flight use. It is for protection of vulnerable parts of vimanas against
intense heat. This heat is expected to
develop under seasonal conditions. As
the vimana is traversing with fully extended wings, Possibilities of exposure
of some parts to this heat exists and this should be prevented. This relates to sancocha, a special
feature provided for the pilot and features as Angopasamhara yantra.
Discussions:
It is essentially a protective device conceived for protection against
overheating of the vimanas component while flying with fully extended
wings. Here we also note the provision
of variable geometry construction. When
over heating takes place the pilot gets the feed-back of rising
temperature. Depending on the
requirements he selects and deploys the protective cover, shielding the parts
from the heat. We note here that
temperature measuring device is also provided for relaying the data from the
location to the pilot as his cabin display.
Constructional and operating details explain use of metals Sumrileekas
and Manjeera, probably in the form of thermo-couple device. Jacks and actuators to open or close the
hatch are also mentioned. Pilot selects
to operate only the required hatch depending upon the need.
For more analysis of this
yantra Sri M.K. Kawadkars report is appended separately.
Guhagarbha
yantra:
This refers to the special
feature prescribed for on-board use in battle related vimanas.
The yantra called in full,
as Guhagarbha Aadarsha Yantra is to be located in the front bottom of the
fuselage of the vimana.
Its purpose is to detect
presence of mines and explosives hidden by the enemy forces underground and
transmit their pictures for the pilots display to know the location and shape
of such destructive material. The
end-use is to achieve precise location and defuse them in achieving safe
passage for friendly ground forces. In
this role the vimana performs the function of tactical support to ground
forces.
Constructional details of
the yantra include use of different geometrical-shaped special mirrors in
specified arrangement.
Through a sequence of
reflecting mirrors, images/ pictures are captured and developed in-situ through
chemical process. Special reflector
called chumbakamani having a property of absorbing reflection from objects is
used in the contraption. Solar rays and
electric current are made to act on an acid vessel containing the crystal
Chumbakamani. Electrified rays from the
crystal are made to impinge on a downward facing mirror and this in turn will
scan the ground underneath to take pictures of mines and explosives. The pictures are amplified and communicated
to the pilot on a specially prepared screen.
The main constituents of the
yantra are:
Fasteners
made of Panchadhara loha.
Wooden
frame of Anjistha tree
Chumbakamani
Screen
cloth coated with mirror-like gum
Details of fabricating
include the following constituent parts.
Suranjeetaarsha mirror (72nd type)
Anjistaa tree
Paaragrandhika Drava
Chumbakamani
Pigments for coating the screen (to obtain clear picture)
Reflector or Virinchi varnish
Pathadarpana
Observations:
n The appropriate
location of the yantra related to its function is to be noted.
n Clear indication
of use of concealed mines and explosives in battles of olden times. As a corollary knowledge of explosive
materials and pyrotechnic devices should have evidently prevailed in advanced
form.
n Detection of such
explosives through remote sensing gadgets had been envisaged.
n Detection of
underground objects through aerial remote sensing hints at use of special
technology in the field.
n
The
strategy in such detection hints at closely co-ordinated tactical air support
roles to the ground forces.
n The system
indicates that technology existed in not merely detection of hidden explosives
but also in defusing them.
n Photographic and
projection technique must have been in advanced stage of technology.
n The surveillance
role should be useful both in strategic and tactical role.
n It is of interest
to note that materials stated in this yantra have been developed by many
science laboratories in the country.
The materials are:
Chumbakamani
(IIT, Bombay)
PanchadharaLoha,
Paragranthika Drava (Birla science centre Hyderabad and Mumbai)
Reports from
these labs have been appended to this report.
n Multiple
applications of crystals in digital technology are already seen in- modern
times. It is no wonder if ancient scientists
had employed this technology in a much wider sense.
Tamogarbha
yantra:
Thamo yantra (darkness
capturing device) is dealt with in fair detail in English translation of
Vymanika shastra.
The device is meant to
protect vimana from poisonous fumes of Rouhinee or Kraakachaarimani rays
projected by the enemy. This is in
essence, achieved by creating a darkness around the vimana to make it invisible
to the enemy aircraft (ground forces as well) and make their target-sighting
impossible. In this contraption
Thamogarbha loha plays a key role.
The device works with
revolving two faced mirrors collecting solar rays, activation of acid in the
vessel on the opposite side, of mirrors, allowing solar ray to enter the
crystal in an acid vessel. By turning a
separate wheel in the west, darkness-intensifying mirror begin to
function. By operation of a central
wheel the rays attracted by the mirror will reach the crystal and envelop it. By operating the main wheel at high speed,
darkness will envelop the entire vimana making it invisible.
Preparation of the
all-important Thamo garbha loha is as follows:
Black lead, Anjanika
(collirium), Vajra Tunda In equal parts
mixed and
powdered fish shaped Crucible in crow shaped
furnacre heated 100 or 354 C.
Discussion:
Concept clearly hints at a highly advanced concealing technique on the
lines of stealth concept.
Visualisation of such a need in air defence role in an attack mode is
to be noted. It could also be a
protection against similar offensive weaponry (biological & optical) in
surface to air/air to air modes.
The technique somewhat resembles the creation of darkness (tama) using
solar rays as seen in Dhwanta pramapaka yantra (refers to a research study on
Anshubodhinee of Maharshi Bharadwaja Dr. Dongre's research, even though it
discusses spectroscopic measurement.)
In the three bands of solar radiation Tama (darkness) being the infrared
band, if used for creating this darkness around the vimana, the purpose of
camouflaging is achieved in the same way.
It is therefore interesting to study if the concepts are
interrelated. Correlation of the two
principles should be an interesting exercise.
Solar rays used in a big way here as well and hence there is every possibility
of its direct derivation from Anshubodhinee.
It is appropriate to bifurcate, the sources of danger and their targets
here. Poison gases targeted against
aircrew and dangerous rays against both vimana and aircrew . In either case Biological warfare concept is
evident.
To note that the type of yantra prescribed here is one of the 132 types
indicates vast ranges, basic research and development and much wider
applications.
For more details on the
above two yantras please refer to the analysis of Sri M.K. Kawadkar appended
separately.
For the following yantras
too, please refer the analysis of Sri M.K. Kawadkar appended separately.
Pancha vataskanda nala on the western centre
Rowdree mirror.
Vataskanda keelaka at the bottom centre
Shakthistaana at the front and right sides.
Shabdha-kendra-mukha at the left side.
Vidyutdwadashaka at the north-east side.
Shabdhakarshaka
yantra:
This yantra is covered in a
fairly descriptive style. This device is
essentially a warning device to the pilot to get In-flight information on the
presence of birds, quadrupeds and soldiers to facilitate taking deviation to
safer routes during a mission. Broadly
speaking the device is an audio sensor working on the principle of sensing
audio waves within a range of twelve kroshas or 27 miles. Evidently its working is around the VHF
range. It is significant to note that
the Shabdhakarshaka yantra mentioned here is just one out of 32 varieties of
devices developed under this category.
This hints that other such devices for similar applications under other
frequency bands from originators of sound sources had also been conceptualised
and developed. Further from the
description given the device appears to be basically a receiver-mode
communication device.
Discussion:
It is understandable from the description that warning pickup signals
in such cases should be from sources in short distance range (about 27
miles).
In case of warning by sensing sounds of birds it is a logical
assumption that the warning needed is against bird concentrations. Birds do form a serious flight safety hazard
as seen even today. Visualisation of
this concept as a flight safety requirement is to be noted.
Even if the bird referred to is a flying machine, advanc warning of
location of vimanas in numbers and the need for advanced warning would still be
valid.
In respect of quadrupeds and soldiers talked about the interpretation
seems to be to get a warning against cavalry and infantry forces largely used
in battles of ancient times. Locating
such concentrations through distant-sensing should enable a flying craft to opt
for safer courses of flying. Such an
option would be particularly useful for vimanas not capable of defending
themselves.
Discussing the technical details, eight mechanisms constitute this
interesting device.
Location of the device at the shoulder of the vimana seems to be very
aptly conceived from the point of view of good reception.
Use of a rotary system in the device with a pivot and rotating
component to receive audio signals from all the directions adds credibility to
the concept of an Omni directional
audio receiver with hyper sensitivity.
Use of materials such as Rourava bird skin, metals specified for this
technology, special dravas such as katana drava (acid), use of domes lined with
birds skin (probably act as super sensors), ghantara metal, covering with
kwanaka glass, capturing and processing sound inputs, amplyfying them, use of
rotating device for reception from all the eight directions, transmitting the
terminal output to the pilot, all point to a well designed system developed for
a well pervceived purpose.
For the purpose of operating the system to capture sound waves, use of
airflow to set in motion shabdhathene wheel has been mentioned. This will set in motion audio sensitive
ghantara metal rod which in turn transmits to the dome lined with birds
skin. Passing through simhasya tube and
dronasya vessel amplification takes place.
Further description in the text includes methods of preparation of special metals forming the parts of the yantra
CHAPTER
18
ADDITIONAL
METALS, ALLOYS AND MATERIALS:
Metal / Materials and
reference |
Process of preparation |
1. Darpana for Kiranaakarshana
yantra or Solar ray capturing
mirror in pariveshakriyaa yantra |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in frog-shaped
crucible placed in frog
shaped furnace use two winged
Bellows and melt up to 300 d pour the molten liquid in
to mould. |
2. Prathibhimba-Arka-Kiranakarshana Naala. For attracting reflections
of solar Rays. Text: Nallika nirnaya |
Prescribed ingredient in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in Samavargika
crucible placed in
Samavargika furnace using Suragha
bellow melt up to 315 pour in to receptacle darpana suitable for
attracting reflected solar rays is obtained. |
3. Sunda-mud made glass in puspini -yantra. Text: Parthiva paka kalpa |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in crucibles heat in Tortoise shaped
furnace for 32 times at 100 using 2 faced
bellows pour in to
cooling yantra to get the mirror. |
4. Abhra-mrid
Darpana in Padma Chakra Mukha yantra. Text: Yantra sarvasva
and Darpanaprakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in crucible placed in Varrathakunda
furnace boiled to 200 and poured in to mould |
5. Cold producing
cristals in pushpini --yantra. Text: Maniprakarana |
Prescribed ingredients in Specified proportions purified and mixed In
Mritkundala moosha heated in Kula
kundika furnace using Trayambaka
bellows up to 300 pour the boiled liquid in
to crystal forming yantra to get pure hard and intensely cold crystal |
6. Vaataayanee
metal or window metal In Pinjoola Adarsha
Yantra. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in crucible and
heated in furnace up to 100 pour and cool. |
7. Suranjitaadarsha
Darpana in Guhagarbha Yantra. Text: Darpanaprakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in
specified proportions purified and mixed filled in beaked crucible
placed in
Varaaha furnace using tortoise
shaped bellows heat up to 100 and pour in to mould. |
8. Anjishta Tree
(Madder root) in Guhagarbha yantra. Text: Aagatatwa Lahari |
The wood of the tree best suited for capturing reflections. |
9. Dravapaatra or Acid
vessel in pushpini yantra Text: Darpana prakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in lotus shaped crucible heated in lotus shaped furnace using five mouthed bellows to 323 pour in to cooling yantra
to get Sheeta ranjikadarsha or cold-receptacle glass. |
10. Panchadhara
Loha in Guhagarbha--yantra. To make metal pivots in
yantras. Strong and heavy |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in Mrugendra
Moosha crucible placed in furnace using beaked bellows heat up to 300 pour in to the mould to
get a fine alloy metals |
11. Paaragrandhika Drava. An acid for insertion of crystal Chumbakamani in
Guhagarbha Yantra |
Ingredients to be heated in big bellied earthen pot to yield drava
shining like gold. |
12. Chumbakamani. One of the finest
crystals to capture Reflectionsguhagarbha yantra. Text: Manipradeepika. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
placed in Karpalaa crucible baked in
furnace using owl nosed bellows up to 100 yields Chumbakamani. |
13. Image producing Niryaasa
or Roopakarsha Niryaasa or
Special Varnish a pigment for coating Ascreen-cloth in
Guhagarbha yantra. Text: Niryasa Kalpa |
Detailed process given in the text. |
14. Patadarpana in Guhagarbha
yantra. Text: Darpanaprakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed heated in a vessel up to
100 hold on a flat surface to
obtain a sheet like cloth. |
15. Tamogarbha loha in
Tamogarbha yantra. Against poisonous fumes
and Dangerours rays from
enemy. Light and strong |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in fish shaped crucible placed in crow
shaped furnace heat up to 100 and pour in to cooling
receptacle. It will yield fine
darkness capturing metal |
16. Vaatadhaarana Loha in panchavaataskanda-Naala. Nice, soft, strong,
cool, light metal. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in Meayooka
crucible placed in
Jamboomukha furnace using
Kakamukha bellows heat up to 102 cast in the yantra. |
17. Rowdree darpana in
Rowdree darpana yantra. A flame-proof-glass. Text: Darpanaprakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in Padmasya
crucible placed in
Viswodara furnace heat up to 200 pour molten liquid in to
a mould |
18. Vaatastambana metal in Vaatastambana Naala. Text: Lohatatvaprakashika. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in Matsya shaped
crucible placed in
Maghima furnace using
Vijrimbhana bellows pour in to the
mould. |
19. Vidyut Darpana metal in Vdiyudarpana yantra. Text: For protection
against lightning from clouds. Yantrasarvasva,
darpanaprakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in padmasya
crucible placed in
vishwodhara furnace using five
mouthed bellows heated to 500 results in the alloy. |
20. Badhira Loha or Deaf
proof metal In Shabdha Kendra Mukha
yantra. Text: As per Loha
Tantra. |
Ingredients in equal parts cleand and purified filled in Triyuti Crucible, placed in furnace
heated cast in
receptacles produces metal cold, dark, sound proof, powerful, able to control
bleeding and draw out particles from wounds of soldiers. |
21. Anti-Lightning [lightning
proof] glasses in Vidyudwadashaka
yantra. Text: Darpana
prakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions, purified and mixed,
filled in crucibles placed in
padmakara furnace using simhasya
bellows heated 300 and poured in to
reseptacles. |
22. Dambola Loha or
Thunderbolt Metal in
Vidyutdwadashaka yantra. Text:
Lohatatwaprakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions, purified and mixed,
filled in Mandooka or Frog shaped crucibles placed in five faced
furnace using
panchamukha bellows heated to 500 will yield this alloy. |
23. Mahorna Acid
dravakaprakarana. |
Purified ingredients in equal parts and boiled will yield this acid. |
24. Vrishala Metal: in
pranakundalini yantra. |
Process details not given. |
25. Shytyagrahaka Loha: in Shatyudgama yantra. Cold absorbing metal. Text: Loha Tantra. |
Prescribed ingredients in equal parts purified and mixed in
shundaalaka crucible placed in Chanchoomukha
furnace using
Panchanana bellows will yield a fine cold absorbing alloy. |
26. Sheetaghna Glass: Cold-proof Glass: in Shaktyudgama
yantra. Text: Darpanaprakarana. |
Prescribed ingredients in equal parts filled in Simhika Crucible placing Padmakara furnace
using
Shoorpodara bellows heat up to 300 pour in to mould and cool |
27. Araara Alloy: in
Vakraprasaarana yantra. A copper alloy, goldish
colour, Light and hard. |
Purified and boiled at 100. |
28. Shaktigarbha Metal: in Shaktipanjara keela of Shaktipanjara yantra. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in crucibles placed in
Aatapaa furnace heating to 100 Charged with electric
current results in this alloy. |
29. Vishakanta Metal: in Shiraahkeelaka yantra. |
Process details not given. |
30. Katana Drava: in
Shabdhakarshana yantra. |
Process details not given. |
31. Kwaanaadara Glass: in Shabdhaakarshana
yantra. |
Process details not given. |
32. Vajeemukha Metal: in Shabdhaakarshana
yantra. |
Process details not given. |
33.
Byndala Metal: in Shabhdaakarshana yantra. A fine light, blue alloy. Text: Lohasarvaswa. |
Ingredients in equal parts, powdered, purified filled in Shashamoosha
crucible and heated in Mandooka furnace using five mouthed
bellows to 200 will yield a
metal. |
34.
Rutana Acid: in
Shabdhakarshana yantra. Text:
Moolikarkaprakashita. |
Ingredients boiled in vessels to 108 yield fine yellow
dravaka. |
35.
Ghantarava Metal: in Shabdhakarshana yantra. A fine, light, scarlet
colour metal, which records all
sounds. Text: :Lohatantra. |
Ingredients powdered and purified filled Shukti crucible wrapped all
round with earth placed in
Alaabu shaped furnace boiled to 500 poured in to the mould. |
36.
Pingala Darpana: in
Dishampatti yantra. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed filled in Matsya
crucible placed in
Naalika furnace using Gowmukhi
bellows boiled up to
99 and poured in
to the mould. |
37.
Somabhra: in Pattikaabrata
yantra. A particular variety of
mica, sky colour, fine, strong, absorbent, cure for eye
deseases. It has diamond content and
cool to touch. |
Process deatails not given except purification process. |
38, Ravichumbakamani: |
Proces deatails not given. |
39.
Special mirror for attracting
solar Heat: in Suryashaktyaprakaashana Yantra. Text: Darpanaprakarana. A fine, light, strong.
Golden colour solar heat collecting
glass |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed
filled in Antarmukha crucible placed in
Shuka mukha furnace and boiled poured in
Antarmukhi yantra and churn thoroughly. |
40. Shyvaala or Moss acid, Shrini acid, Chaaya
mukha crystal, Jyotsna acid.: Suryashaktapakarshana
yantra. |
Process details not given. |
41.
Kshowndeera Metal: in Apasmaradhoomaprasarana
yantra Text: Loha tantra. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed
filled in crucible placed in
Chhatreemukha furnace using Surashi bellows heat up to 100 pour in to mould. |
42.
Vakratunda Metal: in
Sthambhana Yantra. Text: Kriyasaara. |
Process details not given |
43.
Naaga Metal, Prajwalakamani, Mahoshmikamani, Manjishta
acid, Jwalinimukhimani.: in Vyswamaara yantra. |
Process details not there. |
44. Raaja Loha or King of
metal: In the manufacture of
Kritaka type of Vimanas. This alloy, a heat resistant metal of
Ooshmapaa category is specially
prescribed . This is the fourth in
the series of alloys of Ooshmapaa
category having sixteen types. Use of
Raaja -Loha in Rukma
vimana is mentioned, Rukma
means gold. Yaana-bindu stipulate
that only after obtaining gold colour
on Raja-loha by due process, it can
be used for covering the vimana. Text: Yantrasarvasva. |
Mix Soma, Soundala and Mourtwika metals in the ratio of 3:8:2. Add Borax to be filled in crucible and
melted in furnace up to 272 and churned. Process of imparting gold colour on Raja-loha: Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed
filled in smelter and boiled to draw the liquid through two outlets and
filled in the crucibles and again boiled up to 800 and transferred to the
cooler. |
45.
Haatakaasya Metal: in the construction of Mast in
Shakuna vimana. Prescribed by
Lallacharya. Text:
Yantra-kalpataru, Lohatantra. |
Ingredients: Suvarchala or
Natron (8), Laghu Kshwinka or light Zinc (16), Laghu Bambhari (6), Copper (100)
filled in crucible placed in
Yasastika furnace and use Mahormi bellows heat up to 507. |
46.
Dhoomagarbha alloy: in Dhoomodgama yantra of Sundara vimana. |
Ingredients: Himasamvardhaka, Soma and Sundala in proportions
32:25:38 filled in five crucibles placed in Chakramukha furnace use Ajaamukha bellows heat up to 712 properly churned. |
47.
Special cloth for making Sundaleeka or fabric
nozzle for obtaining crust through
exhausting of energy as described
in Sundara vimana. Preceptor: Lallacharya. This fabric is a
strong, soft, Cool,heat-proof, tear
resistant, ash coloured cloth. |
Ingredients filled in a vessel prepare another mixture
in equal parts of Naga metal, Granthi metal, Vajra, Vynateya, Bambharika,
Kanduru, Kudapa and Kundalotpala boiled to 92 pour the molten liquid in
to milk cloth machine and churned. Resultant product to be cooled and put through levelling machine to
obtain the special cloth. |
48.
Chapalagrahaka Metal:
in electrical energy
storing device in Sundara Vimana. Specified for the
central vessels of storage apparatus. Text: Lohatantra. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in Uraana crucible placed in
Kundodhara furnace use three
faced bellows and melt up to 427 pour in to
receptacle and cool. |
49.
Shaktiskanda Metal: in
electricity Storage vessel. |
Preparation details not given. |
50.
Ghrinyakarshan Glass: Or Solar heat absorbing mirror in Sundara vimana. Preceptor: Lallacharya.
|
Preparation details not given. |
51.
Vaatamitra Metal: in Vaataprasarana yantra
in Sundara vimana. Text: Lohatantra. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in Sarpasya crucible placed in
Chakramukha furnace using
Vaaranaasya bellows heat up to 216. |
52.
Kundodhara Metal: in
construction of Chaturmukha
owshnasya yantra of Sundara viamana. A blue, fine, light
alloy capable of withstanding heat up to
2000 d and glass proof against
canons, Shatagni and
Sahastragni. |
Ingredients: Soma, Kanchuka and Soundala in proportions 30:45:20
cleaned and filled in Padma crucible heated in Chatraamukha
furnace using Vasuki
bellows and heated to 716 and poured for
cooling . |
53. Mica: for manufacture of
pillars in Sundara vimana. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in Kurma crucible placed in
Padma furnace using bellows
heat up to 800 pour in to cooler results
in Mica alloy, very attractive for pillars. |
54.
Trinetra-loha: in Tripura
vimana. Explained by
Shakatayana Shines like peacock
feather, fire proof, unbreakable,
weight less. Impregnable by water,
fire, air and heat, and
indestructible |
Three ingredients: Jyothismati-loha (10), Kantha-mitra (8),
Vajra-mukha-loha (16) to be filled in crucibles add Tankana or Borax (5),
Trymika (7), Shrapanikaa (11), Mandalika (5), Ruchaka or Natron (3), Mercury
(3), filled in crucible placed in
Padma-mukha furnace and heated to 631 using Trimukhi bellows resulting in liquid
poured in to cooler. |
55.
Pure Mica: Text: Dhaatu-sarvasva. Fifty different
varieties classified as follows: White Mica - 16 types Red Mica -12 types Yellow Mica - 7 types Black Mica -15 types Out of the above
Pundareeka from the first type
Rohineeka from the second , Panchadhara
from the third, and Drownika from the fourth type to be used
for vimana. |
Detailed purification process as per Samskararatnaakara, Detail process of preparation is also
given in the main text. |
56.
Vaaruna Metal: in Tripura Vimanaa light, smoke
coloured, impregnable alloy. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in crucibl placed in
Padma-mukha furnace use five faced
bellows and heat up to 700 pour in to yantra and
churn further
purification of metal as per Kriyaasara. |
57.
Krowncha Metal : in rain protection yantra,
under Tripura vimana. Text: Yantrasarvasva. Light, strong, honey
coloured, rain- water and heat impregnated. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in crucibles and placed in Padma furnace heated up to 512 using three face bellows pour in to churning
yantra and cooled. |
58. Aathapaashaana-Loha: in Surgaathapopasamhara yantra in Tripura vimana. Text: Kriyasara. Light, orange colour,
heat proof, and unbreakable. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in crucibles placed in
Nallika furnace using Mooshakasya
bellow heat up to 725 churn the
liquid and pour in to the cooler. Further purification as per Kriyasara |
59.
Somasa-loha: for housing in electric generator in
third floor of Tripura vimana. Text: Lohatantra. A fine, light, suitable
for use in electrical machinery. |
Prescribed ingredients in specified proportions purified and mixed,
filled in crucible (sarpamukha) placed in Naaga furnace using Shashamukha bellows and heat up to 350 churn the molten metal in
mixer and pour the metal. |
Special
observations / remarks on Additional material, metals, covered above.
Metals, Alloys, Mirrors,
Manis covered in the text under respective chapters are much less as compared
to those covered under Yantraadhikaranam and vimanas.
Detailed
processes of manufacture of metals and alloys include specific-to- type
crucibles, furnaces and bellows, hinting at, the vastness of prevalent
metallurgical sciences.
Melting
temperatures are generally from 99 to 1000 ancient scale, the only
exception being in Kundodhara metal that has melting temperature 2000.
Temperatures
specified such as 99, 712, 353 , indicate that fine
regulation of temperature control had been achieved and each alloy had a
distinct melting temperature.
As a corollary,
pyrometry, that too with high degree of accuracy and precesion seems to have
existed.
CHAPTER
19
JATYADHI KARANAM: CLASSIFICATION OF VIMANAS
In this chapter on classification of vimanas as per different Yugas and
Yugadharma, the text explains the types of vimanas and their names featuring in
the yugas. In Krita-yuga, people by
their own powers acquired through righteous living could fly on their own
volition from place to place without the aid of flying machine.
In Threthayuga flying machines were of Mantrika category. In Dwaparayuga flying machines under
classification Tantrika were used. In
Kaliyuga, flying machines of Kritaka category were specified.
Prominent works referred to in Yuga-wise classification are as follows:
Vimana Chandrika.
Vyomayaana Tantra.
Yantra Kalpa.
Kheta-yaana-pradeepika.
Vyomayaana-arkaprakashika.
Observations:
Yuga-wise classification needs deeper study.
Many texts seem to have existed covering vimanas; their authors however
are not mentioned.
The next sootra deals with the names of vimanas as classified
yuga-wise:
Tretha-yuga Mantrika type 25 varieties of flying
machines starting from Pushpaka.
Dwapara-yuga Tantrika type 56 varieties starting
from Bhyravi.
Kali-yuga Kritaka type 25 varieties starting from
Shakuna.
Besides Maharshi Bharadwaja the other preceptors detailing the
classification are Shounaka, Goutama, Manibhadra and Lallacharya.
Observations:
The large number of vimanas hints at conception of
application-specific varieties.
It is significant to note that Tripura vimana covered in the text is
distinctly missing from the Kritaka variety.
CHAPTER
20
KRITAKA VIMANAS
Four Types of Vimanas:
The
last few sections of the work Vymanika shastra deal with four types of kritaka
vimanas Shakuna vimana in the lead.
Twenty-five vimanas of this category
of the current Yuga are stated as follows:
Shakuna
Sundara Rukma
Mandala Vakratunda Bhadraka
Gajaavarta powshkala Viranchika
Nandaka Kumada Mandara
Hamsa Shukaasya Sowmyaka
Krownchaka Padmaka Symhika
Panchabana Owryaayana Pushkara
The text Manibhadrakarika,
quoting sage Gowtama as also Shounaka sootra indicates the same number of
vimanas in the same order. This perhaps
reflects that both the sages had the same origin of study. Prescribing specific alloys for the
structure of Kritaka variety, the text Kriyasara dictates use of
Raja-loha. This prescription is echoed
by Vishwambhara also. The process of
manufacture of Raja-loha is discussed in brief. Here all the three Ooshmaapa core-metals figure. Soma, Soundala and Mourthweeka in proportion
of 3:8:2 mixed with borax and melted 272 and churned form this
alloy.
Observations:
While Shakuna, Sundara and Rukma appear in the list,
Tripura vimana discussed in the work is conspicuously missing. In fact, Tripura does not feature among
vimanas of Tretha and Dwapara categories as well.
The core metals of heat resistant variety discussed
under the Lohadhikaranam form the alloying components of Raja-loha. This indicates continuity from the said
chapter and the current one.
Lohadhikaranam dealt with core metals of specific
thermal resistant variety. Raja-loha
among them is an exclusive alloy developed for very specific properties.
Shakuna Vimana:
This vimana contains
twenty-eight parts. They are Peetha or
Floorboard; hollow mast; three wheeled keelakaas; four heaters; air
suction-pipe; water jacket; oil tank; air heater; heater; steam boiler; viduyut
yantra or electric generator; air propelling yantra; vaatapa yantra or air
suction pipe; dikpradarshana dwaja; shakuna yantra; two-wings; tail portion;
owshnyaka yantra or engine; kiranaakarshana mani.
Constructional aspects of the
vimana are given too briefly and also without clarity. However, from the English translation
(literal and frequently sprinkled with modern terminology) we have made an
effort to analyse. Floorboard is a
sheet-metal structure made of Raja-loha options have been offered to make the
shape circular, rectangular or cradle shaped.
Weight of the Peeta or Base is one hundredth of the total weight of the
plane. Width of the peeta is half the
height of the mast. Hollow mast is to
be erected by suitable joinery at the center of the peeta.
Lallacharya quoting
yantra-kalpataru prescribing only Haatakasya metal for the mast or stambha
specially describes hollow mast. In
this particular case a quadrangular base with two ends converging into
triangular form has been opted. Hollow
mast or Naala stambha is a three tiered-construction inside and outside
diameter reducing with each tier upwards.
Wheels provided on the length of the Hollowmast are not meant for
movement of the vimana. From the
description available two outer fixed wheels and the central rotating wheels,
some kind of a compressor / turbine arrangement seems to be under discussion to
obtain higher pressure and velocity.
Window-Dome provided at the
top of the vimana accommodates the sun crystals crowning the dome. Sun crystal is big in size. In the three vertical tiers of vimana, the
first tier rests on the peetha. They
are separated by thick floorboard.
First floor houses four heat engines at the corners. Supporting pillars in the ground floor accommodates
passenger cabin. Second floor or tier
accommodates angayantras.
Below the ground floor a
cellar houses some yantras, four air compressors are provided and around the
bottom of Hollow-mast. Air compressors
are supposed to be driven by steam power.
The arrangement described
for the wing is interesting. The wings
are made of a number of feather-like structure stacked one over the other and
move around a common pivot. They can
open out or close as seen in a feeler-gauge.
The wing will also flap along hinged joints to generate lift.
A separate tail plane to
facilitate elevation or take-off is provided.
As per the description the heat engine drives the propeller to produce
usual aircrew action. Controlling of
wing feathers and tail units is through control cables originating from the
cockpit.
Ignition of the oil (fuel)
seems to be by electrical means. For
storing compressed air leather bellows have been suggested.
Observations:
Preparation of Hatakasya alloy has been covered
earlier in this report.
Construction of the structure and a hollow mast hints
at attempts to achieve streamlining.
Units of measurement like Vitista needs to be verified
and established conclusively.
Three sets of wheels along the length of the hallow
mast, hint at their being power developing source. Wheels for the movement of the vimana on ground are separate.
Use of sun crystal is obviously for solar energy
extraction.
Use of steam power to drive air compressor seems to be
strange since steam generation during flying is itself strange.
Possibly Shakuna is one of the early variants of
Kritaka type, deriving its name from the basic definition of bird. Hence the arrangement of flapping and
spreading wing and tail construction feature.
In essence Shakuna is a rudimentary type with aircrew
arrangement.
Sundara vimana:
Eight constituent parts are:
Peetha or ground plate Smoke chimney
Five gas engine Bhujya metal pipe
Wind blower Electricity generator
Four phased heater Outer cover
Peetha or ground plate of
Raja-loha with options to have square or round shape. In the centre of the peetha Dhoomaprasaran Naala or pipe is
provided. Hollow mast is a tall
cylindrical member with provision to store gas energy at the bottom
portion. Water vessels, oil tanks are housed
at the centre. At its foot electricity
is stored in a container.
Oil container will have
three oils: Dhoomanjana oil, Shukatundalika oil (eggplant oil) and Kulaki or
Red arsenic oil in the ratio of 12:20:19.
Ignition of the oil mixture is by electrical means. Distribution of gaseous products seems to be
through a special arrangement ensuring even spread of gases. Dhoomodgama yantra is meant to eject gaseous
mass with speed. In constructing this
only Dhooma garbha loha with composition of Himasamvardhaka, Soma and Soundala
metals have been specified. Control of
high-energy gaseous products is through revolving wheels (possibly to operate
valves). Description indicates a
hydraulic accumulator type of arrangement for storing gaseous product. Ignition of oil is achieved by combined
process of electrical energy and friction.
Actual thrust is obtained by
passing the high-energy product through a number of Sundalas or Jet
nozzles. This obviously seems to be
based on reaction principle. Manufacturing
process of Sundala (made out of special metal-impregnated fabric, flexible,
heat-resistant) as given by Lallacharya is explained in brief. These sundalas or naalas are kept rolled-up
over revolving drum while not in use.
They are unrolled and kept taut while in use. The gaseous products get discharged through a number of them in
jets producing thrust.
Generation of electric power
has also been briefly covered. The text
talks of 32 types of machines to produce electrical power. Different methods broadly stated are
friction, by thermal process, by waterfall, by combination of all these and
also by solar rays. This technology is
ascribed to sage Agastya in his work Shaktitantra. Electrical power production is described using four vessels
located in four directions and a central vessel. Several types of acids, dravas are used in each vessel. Crystals or Manis such as Vidyutgama,
Jyotirmukha play a key role.
Extensively treated lions
skin and deers skin (possibly for their high insulation properties) figure in
the process. Central vessel forms the
accumulator of electricity generated.
Anshupa Mani or Solar rays absorbing crystals is the main medium that
absorbs heat that gets converted to electricity through a process not clearly
described. The process of storing
electricity by use of mercury has also been brought in. Stored electricity is
conducted to all parts of the vimana through insulated cables for operating
various services.
Vataprasaran yantra is
described as one to generate the main Udgama Shakti or lifting force. This yantra comprises of twelve parts,
including Naala-Stambha, valves regulating inlet / outlet for fresh, compressed
air, exhaust, air guides, vanes. The
system includes an air compressor. The
description hints at using compressed air jet to obtain thrust. Further description mentions that compressed
air conducted through Naala sthambha and energy product by Dhoomodgama yantra
through the inside of the main mast or Bruhad sthambha. They confluence at the end and go out
through sundalas with high velocity, effecting jet propulsion.
As stated for Shakuna
vimana, Raja-loha is used for structure and covering of this vimana also. Chaturmukha or Oushnya yantra is the main
heat engine. Comprising of 18 parts this
includes, Peetha, Smoke accumulator, Oven, Water container, Valve controls,
smoke opening, Regulatory valve, heat indicator (temperature), Time clock,
Speedometer, Sound-transmitting instrument, Anthardhanda Ghata, air bellows,
Long sundala pipes, Copper pipes etc. Sundala used as jet nozzles to obtain
thrust are also used for vertical and aft movements and directional control of
the craft. Computation of speed claimed
to be achieved needs a relook. The
thrust from each contributing source seems to have been added up. Retranslation of many verses in this chapter
may help in better understanding.
Observations:
Use of specific types of oils suggests that
high-energy potent fuel be under discussion.
Some error is noticed in the direction of movement of
the craft vis--vis jet stream from sundala nozzles. Applying the principle of reaction the movement of the craft
should be in the direction opposite to the thrust line. Possibly this aspect is dealt by Swami
Dayananda Saraswati in his Rigbhashya Bhoomika. Incidentally this is quoted in the report of I.I.Sc Bangalore
also.
Very importantly solar energy employment for producing
electricity is a unique feature.
Probably this technique was not heard of even by the middle of 20th
century.
Use of sundalas, as jet nozzles are again
interesting. Operating each sundala
independently and varying mass-flow and velocity of jet separately, multiple
degree of craft control should be available.
The description of this vimana is too brief to comprehend the
principles of working. Rukma meaning
gold, the vimana has been so named because of its appearance of golden
colour. Impregnating gold colour on
Raja-loha precedes fabrication of structural part of vimana. Yantra-Bindu and Varna Sarvaswa explain the
colouring process. From the manner
described it is not a plating process.
Peetha is stated to be
tortoise shaped of length 1000 ft. This
however is too long and needs translational, interpretational verification as
well as equating units of measurements of length. The other parts are Ayaschakra pinda and Batimikaa sthambha. Description of flying lacks clarity. However, utilisation of electrical energy to
operate Electro-Mechanical arrangement to enable vimana to lift off and
accelerate is hinted. A speed of 105
kroshas or 250 Mph. Per ghatika is stated.
Directional control as suggested by Lallacharya is through conventional
rudder system provided at the base and articulated through crescent shaped
plate by means of push pull rods.
Observations:
Pushpaka vimana of epic Ramayana is also described to
be golden colour and delightful looking.
Aesthetic sense of the scientists to cater for the needs of the Royale
manifest here. Gold colour imparted to
Raja-loha is before the alloy is used in structural part. In fact it is built in the alloying process
itself to make it an integral part of the metal.
We note that the earlier two vimanas discussed did not
mention of gold colouring.
Rukma is stated to reach speed up to 250 miles in 24
minutes, a speed of 725 miles per hour.
Tripura vimana:
Tripura is the last of the
representative vimanas discussed in the text.
It has two unique features. It
is a three-in-one craft and also a solar powered vehicle. Tripura means three storeys or tiers. This concept is brought in the form of a
three-tier construction. The first tier
is for operation on land, the second one for operation on water and inside
water and the third for flying in air.
As an integral unit of three tiers the craft is stated to be a flying
machine. Differential use of first and second tiers independently for movement
on land and water is stated to be possible.
In contrast with the other
three vimanas this is to be made of mica (first floor) and Thrinetra loha
(second and third floor). The arrangement
talks of wheels provided underneath peetha for locomotion on land through
electric motor. The wheels are
retracted from the ground before vehicle moves into water in amphibian mode. During movement on water boats provided on
the deck possibly to act as buoys.
Detailed manufacturing
process of obtaining particular type of mica has been dealt at length. Layout details of the first floor include
provisions for aisle, cabins for crew and passengers and storage enclosure. Covering of the first floor is by water /
air proof fabric, easy to install and dismantle.
Second floor is
proportionately smaller than the first.
Electric power is provided to second floor as well. When the second floor gets into water the
open hatches of the wheel will be covered by special milk-cloth having full
water proof property. Supply of air to
the second floor is ensured through ducts made of milk cloth. This air under pressure is meant for comfort
of personnel in first and second floors.
For protection, safety and
comfort of crew and passengers three separate yantras are provided viz., one to
protect against stormy winds, the second against solar-blaze and the third
against rainstorm. Construction of the
third floor is similar except that it is proportionately smaller. The special feature in the third floor is
that it houses electric generator. The
cabin for this is to be made of Somaka-loha.
The procedure for extracting
electric power from solar rays has been mentioned. Vessels and tubes made of Anshupa glass of a specified variety
and some electricity generating crystals participate in the process. Anshupa and Sanjeeraka crystals play the
primary function. Purpose and function
of Ganapa yantra discussed in the text needs separate study with suitable interpretation.
Observations:
Three-in-one concept includes amphibian and under
water modes of the vehicle as well.
Use of solar energy for powering an aircraft is a
unique phenomenon, heard for the first time in the aviation technology.
To highlight the features of Thrinetra-loha, it is
flame proof, unbreakable, waterproof and above all, weightless. It has the Shane of peacock feather.
It is interesting that
Researchers abroad have perceived Vymanika Shastra in a positive and meaningful
manner. Their Interpretation and Analyses reflect commitment and open
mind. Their focus seems to be on
yantras, metals and materials and vimanas.
They are attracted by the contents of the text that specify use of
mercury, Copper, Magnets, Electricity, Crystals, Gyros and Acids. Mercury in particular is identified as a
high energy-potent element. They
interpret that the text talks of Mercury Vortex Engine for propulsion
system. Coating Scientific Encyclopedia
they point-out that mercury is known for its utility even by 500 BC. Mercury Vapour Turbine Engines are reported
to use Liquid Mercury, recycled in a closed circuit system, consumption
therefore being negligible. The other
distinct properties are, it is a conductor of electricity, and amplifies sound
waves.
Samarangana sootradhara of
King Bhojaraja unveils the use of mercury in engines for aviation use very
distinctly. Briefly explaining the
operation of this type of engine, western researchers, quoting this treatise,
mention this as a heating device placed underneath to cause ignition,
triggering the potent energy in mercury to drive the whirlwind in motion. This produces highly intense impulse
catapaulting the flying machine into air instantaneously.
Use of liquid mercury in
Gyroscopic applications makes it even more versatile. The characteristic features of liquid mercury are; Heavy Protons
found in mercury atom are highly stable, Gyroscopes of this kind do not need
any warm-up, they are vibration and shock-proof. These gyroscopes have no moving parts and can run forever. In addition they offer compactness and
weight reduction advantages so vital in aviation use.
Researchers abroad point out
that Crystals, Manis and Mirrors stated in this work have potential not yet
explored by modern science. Crystals
today, though sparingly used in technology still play a dominant role in
Digital Technology.
Some western researchers
strongly feel that ancient Indian aviation included propulsion system from
Electromagnetic Lift and Repulsion principles and vertex propulsion. Many experiments have been reported from
these experimenters working on modeling vimanas with these principles
inbuilt. Such trials are predominantly
after 1950s. It appears from the
results of these experiments that though the methods look unconventional as
compared to established technology, they are not opposed to them from the point
of basic principles of science. Famous
experiments on small flying crafts known as searls craft have added credence to
applications of these theories in aviation.
This topic on views of
foreign researchers have been briefly introduced just to give a glimpse of
happenings outside the country on principles of ancient aviation science. There have been a number of books published
by several authors in the recent years.
We believe that researches on ancient aviation sciences receive far
higher impetus in the coming decades.
CHAPTER
22
ATYPICALS
Vymanika Shastra, known to be one of the forty chapters of the Yantra
Sarvasva, is available with some study centres, while the mother work itself is
mysteriously untraceable. It could be a
matter of conjecture that this Encyclopedia on machines might have accompanied
Vedic Sciences into Western countries.
English translation of the work features six chapters while the preface
talks only of three chapters. This
anomaly is to be reconciled.
The treatise narrates sophisticated features of flying machines. Basic features of aeroplanes such as main
planes, rudder, elevator, fuselage, cockpit layout, flight controls, landing
gear and related systems find sporadic mention.
Ground systems to support aviation such as control tower, communication
and navigation aids, runways or airstrips do not appear in the text.
Even though both Vymanika shastra and Samarangana sootradhara describe
flying machines, strangely both the treatises make no reference to each other.
Out of four vimanas mentioned in the work, Tripura vimana does not find
place in the list of Vimanas prescribed for the current Yuga. Similarly, Soubha vimana referred to several
times in Mahabharata does not appear in the list of 56 vimanas of Dwapara
Yuga.
The last few sections of the closing chapter dealing with four types of
representative vimanas lack clarity. It
looks as though a need was felt by the author to short-close the work in a
hurry. Customary manner of conclusion
and closing frills are conspicuous by their absence.
Literary:
Vymanika Shastra is a work of ancient Indian origin,
an offshoot of Vedic science.
There is enough logic and supporting mythological
evidence to indicate that the great seer Maharshi Bharadwaja authored this
work.
Bodhanandas commentary and Swami Dayananda Saraswathis
references to textual content of this work indicate that the subject work
featured in the earlier periods of known history.
The work manifested for the first time in manuscript
form during the end of 19th century and first two decades of 20th
century. This was through revelations
of Pandit Anekal Subbaraya Shastry and transcripted by Sri. G. Venkatachala
Sharma. The last occasion any textual
material got into the transcript was not latter than 1923.
The transcript did not find recognition till the end
of British rule in India. Follow up studies started only later.
Studies on literary aspect of the work by several
researchers continue even now.
Foreign researchers did not show inclination till late
seventies. In fact they had shown
disdain at the mention of the work.
Post1985 period saw tremendous spurt in their interest.
Approach to the study of works of this nature should
be altogether different. It needs
faith, open mind, genuine interest, decoding ability and interpretational
skills.
Military, Aviation and weaponry:
Flying, as a craft, had been perceived by Ancient
Indian Scientists. Other civilizations such as China, Greece, Egypt also had
the knowledge of aviation technology.
Concept and development of aviation technology was
quite advanced. A variety of flying
machines with application-specific on-board systems had been conceived and
developed. In fact, they stretched into
full-fledged military applications more than mere mundane air transportation.
The concept of pilot as a specialist was clear to
ancient preceptors. His role as a
warrior in the sky reinforces the visualisation of a combat pilot. Focus on his stringent training shows the
right direction of thinking. Specific
dietary and clothing prescriptions further validate the scientific lines on
which ancient aviation support was based.
Natural vegetation has been harnessed fully for food
processing meant for military sector.
Besides sage Bharadwaja, other seers of name and fame
in mythology such as Goutama, Shounaka, Vashista, Agastya, Atri, Narayana,
Lallacharya and many others made in-depth contribution.
While some vimanas were role-specific, others were
multipurpose
The Aviation Environment relating to support systems
such as aerodromes, runways, communication and navigational aids, air traffic
control etc., seem to be distinctly different from those of modern days. The concept is seen to be on the lines of
self-contained flying machines capable of flying independent off ground support
aids.
Use of energy sources in the environment and on-board
to achieve defensive and offensive modes are noticeable.
Use of explosives and their detection technology is
unmistakably distinct. This indicates
the existence of a full-scale technology on explosives.
Biological warfare in aerial-combat features at
several places.
Evasion tactics from enemy aeroplanes,
avoidance-options and concealment from enemy-detection constituted special
features of Air-Defence Techniques.
Offensive strike devices even to the extent of causing
catacyclic effects have been discussed.
Aerial displays of flying machines, Manoeouvres,
Aesthetic and Dominating effects discussed in the text have striking
resemblance with modern flight-displays.
The year 1918 AD is an interesting benchmark. Coincidentally this year saw the exit of the First World War and
it also heralded the completion of the work Vymanika Shastra in written
form. The levels of military aviation
technologies between the contemporary technology and the textual substance of
this work show that ancient Indian science was far ahead of times.
It is revealing to compare the levels of aviation
technologies that existed at the time of completion of Vymanika Shastra and the
First World War, November 1918. Combat
aeroplanes were used in sizeable number.
All the same, the maximum level of technology in combat aviation can be
gauged from the prevailing art of war machinery. Fighter planes with piston engines and propellers flying below
15,000 ft. having twin-gun firing capability were pressed into operation. Speed of the aircraft was just over 150
Mph. Aircraft with long range
capability were used for photo-recci and deep strikes. On the other side German aviation technology
constituted Bi-Plane bombers of large size, 90 ft. wing span, twin engines of
200 H.P., Bomb loads of 2000 pounds and operating range of 200 miles
constituted the front line up.
Technical:
Only after 1952 researches relating to the technical
content commenced. A number of groups working
on this aspect increased appreciably after 1985. Foreign researchers have focused on topics like mercury vapour
propulsion, anti-gravity material development, and mercury as a source of
energy and multipurpose application.
Knowledge on
atmosphere was advanced.
Deep knowledge of geological science relating to
formation of core metallic ores suitable for aviation application did exist.
Many materials and alloys discussed in the text were
for exclusive applications. It would be
an interesting study to find out whether modern technology offers
equivalents.
Barring a couple of oblique references, physical and
archeological evidence discovered so far, there is no direct evidence to throw
light on the existence of vimanas in ancient civilisations the world over. However science and technology discussed in
this work amply hints that vimanas did exist.
Some of the features and concepts talked about in the text do not appear
mere theoretical. They could not have
got generated purely by imaginary perceptions.
Extrapolating the contents in the work over the
untraced mother work (Yantra Sarvasva ascribed to be an encyclopedia on
machines) one has to appreciate the enormity of Knowledge-Base.
Over forty scientific texts on various disciplines
including aviation, metallurgy, atmosphere, yantras, manis feature in this
work. This qualifies the impression
that broad-based scientific research in these fields both in pure and applied
sciences must have preceded. Successful
development of many materials contained in this work at science laboratories in India vindicates the textual substance
From the references made to Kriyasaara in this work,
it is evident that this treatise dealt with Dynamics of Machinery.
Taking into account successful laboratory development
of many materials as a means to validate the text, there seems to be enormous
potential both for pure and applied sciences in the areas of physics
[particularly optics], Chemistry [Organic, In Organic and Bio], Geology,
Meteorology etc., to go deep in to the precepts and descriptions featuring in
this book.
References to a variety of texts like Loha tantra,
Loha kalpa etc., it is evident that a comprehensive knowledge on geology,
mineralogy, mining and manufacturing processes of metals and alloys existed. The researches conducted so far have been
promising and in the right direction.
However laboratory experiment conducted till now indicate that only such
material involving few ingredients in their composition have been
attempted. Other materials involving
many ingredients are yet to be taken up.
Strange composition in the recipes such as urines of animal origin,
snakes slough, eagles eye-balls etc., needs deep research to establish
relevance and their role in the manufacturing process. Metals like Thrinetra Loha, Kundodhara Loha
should be of great challenge to metallurgists of the day.
A grey area needing immediate attention and deep study
is regarding units of measurements relating to Length, Temperature, Force,
Weight and Volumes. Their modern equivalents
need to be established for correct understanding as aid to researchers.
Some of the units are:
Weight Linka, Mushti, Kankusta
and
Pala
-(equal to four tolas)
Volume Drona
Electrical
current Linka
Length Krosha, Danda, Vitasti,
Yojana
Temperature Kaksya Interpretational
equivalence
Varies
from 2.5 C
to 4 C
Speed Prenkhana, Linka
Time Ghatika (24
minutes)
The drawings and diagrams of the vimana need careful
study. Possibilities of errors having
crept in due to human imagination exist.
Laboratory developments have been undertaken by units
under CSIR, Birla Science Centre and IIT Mumbai. R&D Laboratories under Ministry of Defence are yet to react.
To explore their intrinsic scientific value, Vymanika
Shastra and Anshubhodhini should be taken up for indepth study for the benefit
of Defence, Industrial and Commercial applications.
Efforts are required to trace and locate texts and
guides in this treatise. Yantra
Sarvasva, missing parts of Anshubodhini a series of guides on lohas, darpanas,
crystals, dravas should be traced.
Contents of Metallurgical and Material Sciences of the
work should be fully explored by Basic and Applied researches through specific
project. Successful development of materials
at Science Laboratories should serve as pointers to undertake such
activities. Development of Lohas such
as Thrinetra, Ghantarava, Thamogarbha, Kundodhara, may prove unique in nature. Similarly study on crystals may open up
fresh avenues in Digital Technology.
Fabrics, Glues and any other nonmetallic substances (Organic &
Inorganic) may offer fresh options to modern technology.
Prescribed Food varieties and Clothing should be taken
as guide to undertake further research to develop requirements of aviation at
research laboratories of defence R&D, CSIR.
In the light of our findings that conduct of researches done so far are sporadic and disjointed. There is a need to set up an Integrated Centre to coordinate this effort. The participation of Defence (R&D). CSIR. ISRO, DSP, Science Foundations, is vital to activate research under a common name. The study team is willing to take up this task, if assigned.
A host of data
related to Ayurveda revealed in this text should be sisted and assigned to scholars
in this discipline. Our findings
indicate that most of such materials have been confirmed to be available and
identifiable even now.
A Bank of
Sanskrit translators and interpretors should be formed to provide the backbone
support to research centers.
Free flow of information on Decoded Data, Development
Status, Critical Findings should be arranged amongst such centers.
Principles of Levity, Anti gravity, Mercury Vapour
Propulsion etc., need serious study to be translated in to Technologies
AR&DB, Ministry of Defence may respond to study
team proposal of a second phase of the project on Vymanika Shastra.
Project study on Vymanika
Shastra is a humble attempt to update the views on the work at the turn of the
century and therefore called Vymanika Shastra Rediscovered. We have taken into consideration various
views expressed by Individuals and Group researchers, appreciative as well as
adverse. We have made honest effort to
bring in reports of Literary and scientific studies, Interpretations,
Laboratory tests together with our observations on the topics in the work. We are thankful to all those who contributed
into this effort. Their reports form
appendages to our main report.
While no direct physical
evidence exist today to establish that vimanas did exist in ancient times,
literary works and epics aver that they did exist. Nevertheless, there is enough evidence to say that technology of
aviation and related sciences did exist.
It is not our claim that vimanas can be constructed from the contents of
this work. Aeronautics being a complex
subject demands extensive base work before an aeroplane is developed even in
rudimentary form. What need to be
focused upon are the perceptions, precepts, concepts and the supporting
technology discussed in this text. It
is possible that interpretation of expressions may vary because of inherent
nature of Sanskrit. At least one of
them has to be right. An integrated
effort among all research enthusiasts is vital in the process of deriving
tangible benefit to the technological field.
Inspired by the thrill in
this study, the Study Team has drawn Objectives for a Second Phase of study
with a view to go more deeply into technical content and integrate various
researches on a common platform. For
this exercise we need the support of the organisations interested in this kind
of Research Exercise. Takers may kindly
approach us.
1.
Vymanika Shastra - Pronouncements of Maharshi
Bhradwaja conveyed through Sri. Anekal Subbaraya Shastry translated into
English by Sri. G.R. josyer
2.
Sections of Amshu Bodhini by Maharshi Bharadwaja
3.
Articles from Issues of Bharatiya Boudhika Sampada.
4. Report
from Sri. N.G. Sheth, Bombay.
5.
Yantras in Ancient India by Dr. V. Raghavan, Indian
Institute of Culture 1956.
6.
Sections of Samarangana Sootradhara- Translations
from king Bhojarajas work.
7.
Prasthanatraya by Swami Madhusoodana Saraswati.
8.
Sections of Issues from Indian Journal on History of
Science published by Indian National Science Academy.
9.
Vimana In Ancient Indiaby Professor D.K. Kanjilal.
10.
Research reports on Prakasha Stambhana Bhida Loha and
Dwantapramapaka YantraNational Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, 1999.
11.
Views from GP. CAPT. M. Matheswaran. V.M., M. Phil.
12.
Report from Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad.
13.
Report from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
14.
Report from Dr. K.H. Krishnamurthy.
15.
A news report from Deccan Herald -- an address by
Italian scientist Dr. Roberto Pinotti 1988.
16.
Critical review by Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore 1974.
17.
Tradition,
Science and Society by Dr. R. Balachandra Rao, Bangalore.
18.
Vimana Aircraft Of Ancient India and Atlantis by Mr.
David Childress.